The process of finding the electrical properties of a circuit when the circuit is being driving by an AC (Alternating Current) source.
Voltage and current created by a motor starting to spin due to a motor being able to act somewhat as a generator, which opposes the current being provided to run the motor initially.
BEMF and reverse voltage polarity can have drastic effects on a circuit. To get around this, it is often a good idea to have a diode or mosfet in parallel with the motor or the circuit which will give the current that is generated from an inductor or motor somewhere to go when the drive voltage suddenly stop
Biasing in electronics means establishing predetermined voltages or currents at various points of an electronic circuit for the purpose of establishing proper operating conditions in electronic components.
Many electronic devices such as diodes, transistors and vacuum tubes, whose function is processing time-varying (AC) signals also require a steady (DC) current or voltage at their terminals to operate correctly—a bias. The AC signal applied to them is superposed on this DC bias current or voltage
The decibel is used in electronics to express a loss or gain. The decibel specifically is the ratio of two signals. When the decibel figure is positive, then the second signal is stronger than the first signal. When a decibel figure is negative, then the second signal is weaker than the first signal. In amplifiers, the gain, also called the amplification factor, is often expressed in decibels. A circuit amplifies only if the decibel figure for the output-to-input power ratio (SdBP) is positive.
Dropout voltage is the voltage rating which determines how close the input voltage level can be to the output voltage level to still achieve the desired output.
Example: You want an output voltage of 5V and have a low dropout regulator (LDO) with a dropout voltage of 500 mV. This means that the lowest input voltage you can use to still maintain an output of 5V is 5.5V. Ideally you would use an input voltage which has more overhead for the dropout voltage characteristic to not be so critical.
Low pass filter is when you have a resistor and capacitor in network with the capacitor referenced to ground and the resistor referenced to the source where the goal is to pass through the lower frequencies.
High pass filter is when you reference the capacitor to the source and the resistor to ground and pass through the higher frequencies.
Band pass filters cascade a low pass filter and a high pass filter together to pass through a range of frequencies between the high and low limits.
Band reject filters stop the band frequencies from getting through.
An eye diagram is used to verify the quality and integrity of a bit stream of data. This is useful when trying to determine when / how to apply a clock signal to the data so that when the data is received it is complete and not missing information from being erroneously clocked through the data transmission.
Here is a good YouTube video demonstrating and explaining more about eye diagrams: #141: What is an Eye Pattern on an Oscilloscope - A Tutorial
High Z effectively means the signal under consideration is neither high nor low. It doesn't have a voltage level or a ground level. It can be thought of as floating or disconnected.
Impedance is the equivalent of resistance in an AC circuit. It is made up of the sum of reactance (X) and resistance (R)
This law states that: The directed sum of the potential differences (voltages) around any closed loop is zero.
This law states that, for any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node; or equivalently: The algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point is zero.
The process of finding the electrical properties of a DC (Direct Current) circuit by evaluating currents in a closed, complete, loop within a circuit. This process uses Kirchhoff's voltage law at its core.
Different metals act in different ways when brought into contact with each other. When selecting parts to be used in an application of any kind which uses such metals, it is important to check if the metals will have adverse reactions to each other. Otherwise it is a good idea to simply use similar metals.
"Galvanic Corrosion, sometimes referred to as Galvanic Action, describes the corrosion to a metal when that metal is in contact, either directly or with the help of a catalyst or another element, with another metal whose characteristics are not complimentary. Often two different metals can come in contact with one another without any corrosion, but some combinations do lead to corrosion and ultimately failure. This can be critical to prevent ‘rusting’ and unsightly stains, to prevent water penetration when a flashing fails, or to even prevent parts of a building from falling apart when a fasteners like a screws fails."
In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a separate signal called the modulation signal that typically contains information to be transmitted.
By changing the amplitude, frequency, or phase, or a combination of the three signal characteristics, information can be added as modulation to a signal.
The process of finding the electrical properties of a DC (Direct Current) circuit by evaluating voltages and current's at individual nodes in a circuit. This process uses Kirchhoff's current law at its core.
When working with LDO regulators there are some design considerations which are needed. Power dissipation and therefore heat dissipation is one of the overlooked ones.
LDO regulators work best when power dissipation (PD) is low. this can be quickly analyzed by the following formula:
PD = (VIN-VOUT)IOUT
Essentially you want the voltage drop to be low from the input to the output to have the lowest PD.
If PD is higher, than heat dissipation needs to be taken into consideration in order to avoid the part from burning up.
PSRR describes how much noise rejection a circuit or component has. PSRR is typically measured in DB. The higher the DB is the more noise rejection the component has.
"The sharpness of the peak is measured quantitatively and is called the Quality factor, Q of the circuit. The quality factor relates the maximum or peak energy stored in the circuit (the reactance) to the energy dissipated (the resistance) during each cycle of oscillation meaning that it is a ratio of resonant frequency to bandwidth and the higher the circuit Q, the smaller the bandwidth."
"In series resonance circuits the Q-factor gives the voltage magnification of the circuit, whereas in a parallel circuit it gives the current magnification."
SAR – the unit of measurement for electromagnetic radiation
The unit of measurement used to assess how strong the emitted radiation is is the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). It indicates how much radiation is absorbed by the human body. There are of course regulations and maximum values. These come from the Federal Office for Radiation Protection and state that up to 0.08 watts per kilogram of total body weight or up to 2 watts per kilogram locally for individual parts of the body are harmless. The latter refers to the head, for example.
Biasing in electronics means establishing predetermined voltages or currents at various points of an electronic circuit for the purpose of establishing proper operating conditions in electronic components.
Many electronic devices such as diodes, transistors and vacuum tubes, whose function is processing time-varying (AC) signals also require a steady (DC) current or voltage at their terminals to operate correctly—a bias. The AC signal applied to them is superposed on this DC bias current or voltage.
Thevenin's Theorem states that we can replace entire network by an equivalent circuit that contains only an independent voltage source in series with an impedance (resistor) such that the current-voltage relationship at the load is unchanged.
Norton's Thereom is identical to Thevenin's Theorem except that the equivalent circuit is an independent current source in parallel with an impedance (resistor). Therefore, the Norton equivalent circuit is a source transformation of the Thevenin equivalent circuit.