Pharmacognosy Practical Book Free Download Pdf

THIS excellent little book will be of great value to teachers and students requiring an elementary guide to laboratory work in pharmacognosy. The standing of the author, who is lecturer in botany to the Pharmaceutical Society, and the recommendation implied by the contribution of a foreword by Prof. Greenish, are sufficient guarantees of the accuracy of the text, which is arranged in a very clear and practical manner. The ground covered is necessarily familiar, but the chief value of the book lies in the fact that it is essentially a statement of the laboratory work in this subject given at Bloomsbury Square. Part 1 consists of schedules of instructions for the examination of the drugs, each schedule being accompanied by a most useful complement in the form of short notes. Part 2 comprises a description of forty-five medicinal plants and concludes with a scheme for the description of drugs. The book is abundantly illustrated, and special reference must be made to the many skilful line drawings prepared by the author and his wife.

The teaching status of Molecular Pharmacognosy in 28 institutions in China was investigated by questionnaire and the survey data was analyzed by SPSS. Research contents included course beginning years, majors, class hours, characteristics of the course, teaching ways, the theory and practice contents, evaluation modes, selection of teaching material, teaching achievements, teachers and so on for undergraduates and graduates. Research results showed that with 20 years' development, Molecular Pharmacognosy had been offered for both undergraduate and graduate students in at least 20 colleges and universities and Molecular Pharmacognosy education in China showed good development momentum. At the same time, to promote the development of Molecular Pharmacognosy further, investment for it should be increased and practical teaching condition should be improved.

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American materia medica, therapeutics and pharmacognosy : developing the latest acquired knowledge of drugs, and especially of the direct action of single drugs upon exact conditions of disease, with especial reference to the therapeutics of the plant drugs of the Americas / by Finley Ellingwood ; with a practical consideration of the principles of pharmacy and pharmacognosy, by John Uri Lloyd. Public Domain Mark. Source: Wellcome Collection.

Pharmacognosy, the study of drugs from natural sources, plays a critical role in the process of ensuring authenticity, purity, and consistency of botanicals, and also for developing tools and models for determining their mechanisms and modes of action, doses, toxicity, and safety. The cross-fertilization of classical pharmacognosy with modern chemical and biological approaches, and their applications in a clinical setting, has led to the Clinical Pharmacognosy series which seeks to disseminate emerging research, and discuss challenges and opportunities on the aforementioned issues.

In this course students will acquire practical skills for the evaluation, standardization and quality

assessment of natural drugs of plant origin. The course will entail the application of microscopy,

quantitative microscopy, fluorescence phenomena and...

Oleh Koshovyi with his wife and daughter at the arboretum of V.V. Dokuchayev Kharkiv National Agrarian University in 2015. This university, where Koshovyi would conduct pharmacognosy practical field training, was also destroyed in the Russian invasion. PHOTO: BOHUSLAVSKYI YEVHENII

Curriculum: The curriculum for MPhil Pharmacognosy includes a combination of theoretical and practical courses in the fields of botany, chemistry, pharmacology, and biochemistry. Students also engage in extensive research to identify, isolate, and study bioactive compounds in plants. The program emphasizes the importance of understanding natural sources for drug development.

Research: The core of the MPhil in Pharmacognosy is research-oriented. Students work closely with faculty members on research projects related to the extraction and analysis of bioactive compounds from natural sources. This research contributes to the body of knowledge in the field of pharmacognosy and can have practical applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

Interpretive Summary: In nature microbial communities are in constant battle with chemical stressors and competing organisms. Many microbes make bioactive metabolites as a response to these conditions and these natural products have potential as therapeutic agents. The promise of new therapeutic agents from microbes is hindered by inconsistencies in large scale production from purified microbes. Scientists at the USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology in Gainesville, Florida, in collaboration with scientists from the Department of Pharmacognosy at the University of Mississippi have used an orthogonal approach to gain insight into conditions that impact the production of bioactive metabolites from a marine isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A collection of microbes from marine sediment produced a number of metabolites with antimicrobial, antifungal and antimalarial activities. Using P. aeruginosa, various natural products were tested as culture additives as well as co-culturing with a Bacillus sp. isolated in the same area. We show that the best condition is using a seed oil mix as the carbon source, a sublethal dose of the kinase inhibitor sceptrin and co-culture with Bacillus sp. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying increased production of antimalarials will prove useful in developing practical applications to produce bioactive microbial metabolites.

Technical Abstract: Marine microbes are capable of producing secondary metabolites for defense and competition. Factors exerting an impact on secondary metabolite production of microbial communities included bioactive natural products and co-culturing. These external influences may have practical applications such as increased yields or the generation of new metabolites from otherwise silent genes in addition to reducing or limiting the production of undesirable metabolites. In this paper, we discuss the metabolic profiles of a marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of a number of potential chemical epigenetic regulators, adjusting carbon sources and co-culturing with other microbes to induce a competitive response. As a result of these stressors certain groups of antibiotics or antimalarial agents were increased most notably when treating P. aeruginosa with sceptrin and co-culturing with another Pseudomonas sp. An interesting cross-talking event between these two Pseudomonas species when cultured together and exposed to sceptrin was observed.

General chemicals were of molecular biology grade and were purchased either from Sigma-Aldrich or Fisher Scientific, unless otherwise stated. Thioflavin S practical grade (CAS 1326-12-1) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Calculation of molarity was based on information provided by the National Cancer Institute Developmental Therapeutics Program (NCI-DTP; Rockville, MD; ). Analytical grade reagents (n-hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, petroleum ether, acetone, dichloromethane, and methanol) were supplied by VWR. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade acetonitrile and methanol were obtained from Merck. Deionized water (18.2 M cm) was obtained from an Arium 611 UV system (Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH). The MEK-inhibitor U0126 was purchased from Promega Corporation and prepared as a 10 mmol/L stock solution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma-Aldrich). AZD6244 (selumetinib) was obtained from Eubio and prepared as a 10 mmol/L stock in DMSO. Staurosporine (100 mmol/L stock) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. RAF inhibitors sorafenib (BAY43-9006) and PLX4032 were obtained from Axon Medchem BV and prepared as 50 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L stocks in DMSO, respectively. Thioflavin S (Sigma-Aldrich) and purified compounds (Thio-2, Thio-3, and Thio-5; for isolation and purification see below) were prepared as a 10 mmol/L stock solution in DMSO. All inhibitors were finally diluted in culture medium to reach working concentrations. Cell culture media and supplements were from PAA Laboratories, unless otherwise stated. The ECL reagents (SuperSignal West Pico and Femto Chemiluminescent Substrates) were from Pierce Biotechnology. Glutathione Sepharose 4B beads were from GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB. Protein concentrations were routinely assessed using Bio-Rad DC Protein Assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Etoposide (Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared as a 20 mg/mL stock in DMSO. Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde (50% aqueous solution) were both obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. X-Gal was purchased from GIBCO, Life Technologies. Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) was obtained from Molecular Probes, Life Technologies and stored at a 10 mmol/L stock in DMSO.

Thioflavin S practical grade (CAS 1326-12-1; ca. 450 g) was first soxhlet extracted with 1 l diethyl ether and the remaining powder extracted with water and diethyl ether to yield 8.5 g crude extract, which was fractionated over silica gel (for further details see Supplementary Materials and Methods). The crystalline fractions were purified over an SPE-C18 cartridge based on the color of the eluting bands; the eluate was divided into 10 and 12 subfractions, respectively. The subfractions eluting at CH3OH/H2O (90:10; 26.0 and 16.6 mg, respectively) were combined and finally purified over a Sephadex LH-20 column to yield 32.2 mg of compound Thio-3. Fraction F4 (219.1 mg) was purified over an SPE-C18 cartridge. The subfraction eluting at dichloromethane/acetone 85:15 (48.7 mg), was finally purified by Sephadex LH-20 CC to yield 39.0 mg of compound Thio-6. Fraction F5 (429.5 mg) was fractionated over an SPE-C18 cartridge. The subfraction, which eluted at CH3OH/H2O (85:15; 12.4 mg) was identified as Thio-2. Fraction F-6 (534.5 mg) was fractionated over an SPE-C18 cartridge. The subfraction, which eluted at CH3OH/H2O (80:20 and 85:15; 70.8 mg), was also recognized as Thio-2. The powder-like crystals (318.1 mg), which precipitated from fraction F-8 (367.9 mg), were combined with fraction F-10 (119.1 mg). The combined fraction was purified over an SPE-C18 cartridge. The subfraction eluted with dichloromethane/acetone 85:15 (v/v; 105.31 mg) was finally purified by Sephadex LH-20 CC to yield 35 mg of compound Thio-5. be457b7860