The references below have been organized according to the corresponding page.

1. Basal Cell Carcinoma - The Skin Cancer Foundation. (2019). The Skin Cancer Foundation. https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-information/basal-cell-carcinoma/ [This page allowed for a good overview of Basal Cell Carcinoma including how the tumor presents, the danger, and prevelance].

2. Cleveland Clinic. (2022, August 31). Basal Cell Carcinoma: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4581-basal-cell-carcinoma.

3. Mayo Clinic. (2025, April 12). Basal Cell Carcinoma - Symptoms and Causes. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/basal-cell-carcinoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20354187 [This page gave a good overview of Basal Cell Carcinoma including symptoms, causes, and prevention methods].

4. Puckett, Y., & Steele, R. B. (2024, March 13). Basal Cell Carcinoma. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482439/.

5. Mohs Surgery | Saguaro Dermatology | Phoenix, AZ. (2024, December 2). Saguaro Dermatology. https://saguaroderm.com/services/medical-dermatology/mohs-surgery/.

6. Types of Skin Cancer | Different Types & Treatments | Columbia Skin. Columbia Skin Clinic. https://columbiaskinclinic.com/skin-cancer/skin-cancer-types/.

Molecular Biology/Genetics and Clinical Significance

1. Bapna, M., & Ruiz, E. (2025). Cemiplimab in the treatment of metastatic basal cell carcinoma. Future oncology (London, England), 21(16), 1999–2005. https://doi.org/10.1080/14796694.2025.2511568.

2. Bakshi A, Chaudhary SC, Rana M, Elmets CA, Athar M. Basal cell carcinoma pathogenesis and therapy involving hedgehog signaling and beyond. Mol Carcinog. 2017 Dec;56(12):2543-2557. doi: 10.1002/mc.22690. Epub 2017 Aug 22. PMID: 28574612; PMCID: PMC5962346 [This study went over the pathogenesis of Basal Cell Carcinoma and gave a great, detailed overview of the pathway and therapeutic treatments.]

3. Breen ID and Richmond JM (2022) Why Is Skin Cancer Risk Elevated at Higher Altitudes?. Front. Young Minds. 10:615634. doi: 10.3389/frym.2022.615634.

4. Ho EK, Stearns T. Hedgehog signaling and the primary cilium: implications for spatial and temporal constraints on signaling. Development. 2021 May 1;148(9):dev195552. doi: 10.1242/dev.195552. Epub 2021 Apr 29. PMID: 33914866; PMCID: PMC8126410.

5. Jiang J. Hedgehog signaling mechanism and role in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022 Oct;85:107-122. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.003. Epub 2021 Apr 6. PMID: 33836254; PMCID: PMC8492792. [This article, along with many of the others used for this section, dives into the Hedgehog signaling mechanism, which is integral to understanding the pathway that contributes to BCC.]

6. Lemos T, Merchant A. The hedgehog pathway in hematopoiesis and hematological malignancy. Front Oncol. 2022 Aug 25;12:960943. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.960943. PMID: 36091167; PMCID: PMC9453489.

7. Pellegrini, C., Maturo, M. G., Di Nardo, L., Ciciarelli, V., Gutiérrez García-Rodrigo, C., & Fargnoli, M. C. (2017). Understanding the Molecular Genetics of Basal Cell Carcinoma. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(11), 2485. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18112485.

8. Teng Y, Yu Y, Li S, Huang Y, Xu D, Tao X, Fan Y. Ultraviolet Radiation and Basal Cell Carcinoma: An Environmental Perspective. Front Public Health. 2021 Jul 22;9:666528. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.666528. PMID: 34368047; PMCID: PMC8339433.

9. Wang, W., Shiraishi, R., & Kawauchi, D. (2022). Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cerebellar Development and Cancer. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 10, 864035. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.864035.

Broader Impacts and Limitations

1. Bossi P, Ascierto PA, Basset-Seguin N, Dreno B, Dummer R, Hauschild A, Mohr P, Kaufmann R, Pellacani G, Puig S, Moreno-Ramírez D, Robert C, Stratigos A, Gutzmer R, Queirolo P, Quaglino P, Peris K. Long-term strategies for management of advanced basal cell carcinoma with hedgehog inhibitors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2023 Sep;189:104066. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104066. Epub 2023 Jul 11. PMID: 37442495. 

2. Epstein E. H. (2008). Basal cell carcinomas: attack of the hedgehog. Nature reviews. Cancer, 8(10), 743–754. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2503.

3. Melarkode, N., Srinivasan, K., Qaisar, S. M., & Plawiak, P. (2023). AI-Powered Diagnosis of Skin Cancer: A Contemporary Review, Open Challenges and Future Research Directions. Cancers, 15(4), 1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041183.

4. Nguyen NM, Cho J. Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors as Targeted Cancer Therapy and Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 3;23(3):1733. doi: 10.3390/ijms23031733. PMID: 35163655; PMCID: PMC8835893.

5. Stratigos AJ, Sekulic A, Peris K, Bechter O, Prey S, Kaatz M, Lewis KD, Basset-Seguin N, Chang ALS, Dalle S, Orland AF, Licitra L, Robert C, Ulrich C, Hauschild A, Migden MR, Dummer R, Li S, Yoo SY, Mohan K, Coates E, Jankovic V, Fiaschi N, Okoye E, Bassukas ID, Loquai C, De Giorgi V, Eroglu Z, Gutzmer R, Ulrich J, Puig S, Seebach F, Thurston G, Weinreich DM, Yancopoulos GD, Lowy I, Bowler T, Fury MG. Cemiplimab in locally advanced basal cell carcinoma after hedgehog inhibitor therapy: an open-label, multi-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Jun;22(6):848-857. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00126-1. Epub 2021 May 14. PMID: 34000246.

6. Widaatalla, Y., Wolswijk, T., Adan, F., Hillen, L. M., Woodruff, H. C., Halilaj, I., Ibrahim, A., Lambin, P., & Mosterd, K. (2023). The application of artificial intelligence in the detection of basal cell carcinoma: A systematic review. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 37(6), 1160–1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.18963. [This article gave us a good view into the research on AI being used to support the diagnosis of BCC, allowing us to see where the future of BCC diagnosis is heading.]