Azahar Form Bengali Pdf Download [EXCLUSIVE]

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Because of the high prevalence of depression in the geriatric population, researchers have proposed routine screening for depressive symptoms in older adults [14,15]. A 30-item scale known as the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was developed to assess depression in the elderly [16]. The 30-item GDS has been translated into several languages, for instance, Nepalese [17], Iranian [18], Korean [19], Chinese [20], and Filipino [21]. On the other hand, GDS-30 is a time-consuming screening tool for both doctors and patients. A short form of the GDS was created by Sheikh and Yesavage [22] for a simple and quick assessment. The short form of GDS comprises 15 items and is also effective for diagnosing depression in the aged. It is more straightforward, brief, and time-effective than GDS-30 [23,24]. The GDS-Short Form (GDS-SF) includes elements that deal with life satisfaction and happiness, excitement about new activities, curiosity, energy, hopelessness and helplessness, and fear of the future. As the shorter form assesses the subjective characteristics of depression, its primary purpose is to screen for depression rather than diagnostic classification [25].

Azahar Form Bengali Pdf Download

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Chowdhury is a title of honour, usually hereditary, originating from the Indian subcontinent.[1][better source needed] It is an adaption from Sanskrit. During the Mughal rule, it was a title awarded to eminent people, while during British rule, the term was associated with zamindars and social leaders. The common female equivalent was Chowdhurani.[2] Many landlords under the Permanent Settlement carried this surname.[citation needed] Land reforms after the partition of India abolished the permanent settlement.[citation needed] In modern times, the term is a common South Asian surname for both males and females.[citation needed]

The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) is a global research center working to reduce poverty by ensuring that policy is informed by scientific evidence. Anchored by a network of more than 900 researchers at universities around the world, J-PAL conducts randomized impact evaluations to answer critical questions in the fight against poverty.

There are two theories of gender stereotypes within an educational institution, namely, social cognitive theory and hidden curriculum theory. The social cognitive theory emphasizes three types of environmental structures in schools: imposed, selected and constructed. In imposed environmental settings, teachers, curricula, textbook content and the class environment are all forced upon a child regardless of his/her personal preference [53]. In such a setting, they develop gender perceptions based on what they learn through the curriculum, teachers and other mechanisms at school. The hidden curriculum theory helps us to understand how gender stereotyped attitudes are reproduced in an imposed environment in schools. It maintains that school curriculum teaches something beyond the scope of the existing (formal) curriculum which is often implied and delivered through textbooks, teachers or other instruments [54]. As such, textbooks, staffing patterns, and the system of rewards, all contribute to promoting gender stereotypes at school, lowering self-esteem and undermining aspiration among for girls [23].

One of the benefits of choosing content analysis is that the data is in a permanent form (texts and pictures) and verifiable as well as replicable through repeated analysis [67]. The literature using the content analysis method to explore gender bias has grown in developing countries in the past two decades [6,62]. Some of these studies only focus on picture-based analysis while others additionally scrutinize textual content. The latter group also varies regarding the extent to which they study exclusion and the quality of representation. Studies also differ regarding the selection of grade- and subject-specific textbooks.

Exclusion or under-representation of one gender in the textbook is one form of gender stereotype and discrimination. Table 4 presents our findings for each category using both text and pictures. The figures in the table show the percentage of female presence for each indicator and the figure in parenthesis indicates the total number of the respective item in the textbook.

However, the country-specific findings of this study reveal surprising facts about exclusion. It shows that the degree of exclusion in the Malaysian and Indonesian textbooks is quite different from the degree of exclusion in the Pakistani and Bangladeshi textbooks. The former two countries resemble the findings of recent studies in developed countries showing a more balanced gender representation. On the other hand, in the Pakistani and Bangladeshi textbooks, the degree of exclusion also varies but resembles findings of developing countries in general. While the Bangladeshi textbook almost resembles the overall finding of this study, the Pakistani textbook represents a much higher female exclusion, which is consistent with findings from recent studies using Pakistani textbooks.

The high percentage of female characters in domestic roles is one of the common forms of gender-stereotyped representation in textbooks [64,84]. We find that females are presented in domestic roles four times more than their male counterparts (see Table 6). The four-country average female representation in different social roles is 31.2%. Even for the Malaysian textbook, which have a fairly balanced female aggregate presence using the 19 indicators (i.e. Table 2), we find a high female representation in the domestic role category (with a share of 85%). Meanwhile, in the Pakistani textbook, no male character is depicted in a domestic role.

This study uses a list of adjectives developed by John [112] for each of the five personality traits. The adjectives are divided into two groups: high and low. Using this list, an individual is given either a high or a low score for each personality trait. A high score in extraversion (E), openness (O) and conscientiousness (C) is quite the opposite of a high score in neuroticism (N) and agreeableness (A). For instance, having a low score in the former three is the same as being introverted, closed, and having a lack of direction [111,113]. Whereas having a low score in the latter two is tantamount to being emotionally stable and analytical.

Lastly, while the extant literature primarily documenting gender bias in curriculum materials is growing, why countries differ in terms of textbook quality is unclear. One popular explanation is the male dominated textbook development process [93], though it is difficult to statistically validate this hypothesis based on a small sample of textbooks. Political factors can also influence curriculum development, particularly in countries where the delivery of education is decentralized to the state level. Moreover, very few studies have attempted to evaluate the impact of programs which make textbooks gender-sensitive [121]. Evidence suggests considerable variations in support for gender stereotypes among students across schools that differ in terms of curriculum content [122]. Follow-up studies focusing on the causes of cross-country variation in gender contents as well as evaluation of existing initiatives to remove gender bias in textbook content will be informative. Equally, while our analysis confirms that textbooks disseminate a hidden curriculum among students, we did not empirically test whether actual student attitudes systematically vary owing to the textbooks they used in school. This is left for future research.

Bangladesh household income and expenditure survey 2010 provides data for this study. Predictors of high out-of-pocket household healthcare expenditure were analyzed using multiple linear regressions. We have modeled non-linear relationship using logarithmic form of linear regression. Heteroscedasticity and multicollinearity were checked using Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weishberg and VIF tests. Normality of the residuals was checked using Kernel density curve. We applied required adjustment for survey data, so that standard errors and parameters estimation are valid.

The majority of the studies from the developing countries are descriptive in nature and very few took analytical approaches. The most used econometric techniques were ordinary least square (OLS) method. Few researchers used Tobit model [23]. However, Rous & Hotchkiss [24] suggested that the Tobit model should be applied carefully in the case of health expenditure. In Nepal, the researchers developed a full information maximum likelihood model to control endogeneity of sickness and provider choice [24]. In Zambia, a study validated the method to control endogeneity bias by generating selection term as a regressor in OLS estimation of healthcare expenditure for respective providers [25].

Similar to illness, health shocks in the household is another important predictor of household healthcare expenditure. In case of health shocks households use income, savings, borrowing, loans or mortgages, selling assets and livestock to meet the stock [27]. Studies showed that developing health insurance scheme in case of health shocks helps households maintain financially stable [28]. In Bangladesh, both public and private health insurance coverage had been very low or even non-existing, and formal insurance and credit markets are also less developed. Therefore, it is recommended that health insurance in both sectors need to be developed/strengthened, if not for all cases, but at least for health shocks, such as catastrophic health insurance. 006ab0faaa