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Drug use and drug addiction are severely stigmatised around the world. Marc Lewis does not frame his learning model of addiction as a choice model out of concern that to do so further encourages stigma and blame. Yet the evidence in support of a choice model is increasingly strong as well as consonant with core elements of his learning model. I offer a responsibility without blame framework that derives from reflection on forms of clinical practice that support change and recovery in patients who cause harm to themselves and others. This framework can be used to interrogate our own attitudes and responses, so that we can better see how to acknowledge the truth about choice and agency in addiction, while avoiding stigma and blame, and instead maintaining care and compassion alongside a commitment to working for social justice and good.

Good decision-making is a complex endeavor, and particularly so in a health context. The possibilities for day-to-day clinical practice opened up by AI-driven clinical decision support systems (AI-CDSS) give rise to fundamental questions around responsibility. In causal, moral and legal terms the application of AI-CDSS is challenging existing attributions of responsibility. In this context, responsibility gaps are often identified as main problem. Mapping out the changing dynamics and levels of attributing responsibility, we argue in this article that the application of AI-CDSS causes diffusions of responsibility with respect to a causal, moral, and legal dimension. Responsibility diffusion describes the situation where multiple options and several agents can be considered for attributing responsibility. Using the example of an AI-driven 'digital tumor board', we illustrate how clinical decision-making is changed and diffusions of responsibility take place. Not denying or attempting to bridge responsibility gaps, we argue that dynamics and ambivalences are inherent in responsibility, which is based on normative considerations such as avoiding experiences of disregard and vulnerability of human life, which are inherently accompanied by a moment of uncertainty, and is characterized by revision openness. Against this background and to avoid responsibility gaps, the article concludes with suggestions for managing responsibility diffusions in clinical decision-making with AI-CDSS.

Avoiding Responsibility Epub Free Download

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Research findings since that time have followed suit. In a study examining attitudes toward 66 different diseases and health conditions (including obesity), the attributed degree of personal responsibility for the disease predicted social distance and rejection by participants.38 Experimental research additionally shows that providing individuals with information emphasizing personal responsibility for obesity increases negative stereotypes toward obese persons, whereas information highlighting the complex etiology of obesity (such as biological and genetic contributors) improves attitudes and reduces stereotypes.39

Discrimination manifests in illness and disease that society and governments do not adequately address due to the very discrimination causing the harm. On the contrary, society and the government tend to blame the victims and enact and interpret legislation based on the theory that the people are not taking appropriate responsibility for their own health. Obese individuals internally suffer from weight bias but also suffer because society blames them for their illness and thus relinquishes responsibility of addressing the underlying causes of their obesity.15(pS93)

ISO 26000:2010 is intended to assist organizations in contributing to sustainable development. It is intended to encourage them to go beyond legal compliance, recognizing that compliance with law is a fundamental duty of any organization and an essential part of their social responsibility. It is intended to promote common understanding in the field of social responsibility, and to complement other instruments and initiatives for social responsibility, not to replace them.

This volume offers a fresh contribution to the ethics of drone warfare by providing, for the first time, a systematic interdisciplinary discussion of different responsibility issues raised by military drones. The book discusses four main sets of questions:-

From a moral and political perspective, the volume looks at the conditions under which the use of military drones by states is impermissible, permissible, or even obligatory and what the responsibilities of a state in the use of drones towards both its citizens and potential targets are. From a socio-technical perspective, what kind of new human machine interaction might (and should) drones bring and which new kinds of shared agency and responsibility?

Finally, we ask how the use of drones changes our conception of agency and responsibility. The book will be of interest to scholars and students in (military) ethics and to those in law, politics and the military involved in the design, deployment and evaluation of military drones.

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Despite the increase in the rate of MSIs, an implemented transparency and reporting system helped reduce the cases with serious consequences. To further prevent the occurrence of losing surgical elements in a surgery, we recommend educating OR staff members about responsibility and obligation to report all incidents that are caused during an operation, to develop an event reporting system as well as "rituals" within the OR setting to increase the team's awareness to MSIs.

Assuta Medical Center is a private hospital that performs elective surgeries in all specialties except obstetrics and emergency surgery. In 2017 a system aimed at preventing the occurrence of MSIs was implemented at the hospital. The system included the following: (1) education of all OR workers; (2) direct responsibility of the surgeon for the surgical material; (3) responsibility of the team for maintaining a correct count of all surgical items; (4) count verification by two team members and, in the case of discrepancy, a by third responsible member who must corroborate the count and ensure its correctness; (5) in cases of material loss, the obligation to carry out a diagnosis by imaging; and (6) to report such cases in detail to the Risk Management Department, including potential cases of MSIs. All OR personnel received guidance regarding these changes in behavior and counting standards. Guidance was provided by the risk Management department to small groups of participants and in staff meetings.

Israel's Ministry of Health has issued a circular that defines how to carry out the count of items in surgery and assigned the responsibility of the count to the attending surgeon [24]. Even so, there were elements that were not included in the count, such as bougies used by anesthesiologists. Following a case of a forgotten bougie in the esophagus, the hospital added elements used by anesthesiologists to the count. Considering that most medical errors are a result of fallible humans working in chaotic, unpredictable, and complex clinical environments, we agree with Agrawal et al. that individual accountability must be balanced with system improvement [25]. It is understandable that human errors do occur; however, they must be deemed unacceptable, and every effort must be made to prevent them.

The cost optimization pillar focuses on avoiding unnecessary costs. Key topics include understanding spending over time and controlling fund allocation, selecting resources of the right type and quantity, and scaling to meet business needs without overspending.

The sustainability pillar focuses on minimizing the environmental impacts of running cloud workloads. Key topics include a shared responsibility model for sustainability, understanding impact, and maximizing utilization to minimize required resources and reduce downstream impacts.

The widespread and systematic nature of international law violations in the Syrian conflict has also sparked significant debate over the potential application of the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect (R2P). In 2005, recognizing the failure to adequately respond to the most heinous crimes known to humankind, world leaders made a commitment to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity at the UN World Summit. This commitment under R2P stipulates that individual states carry the primary responsibility for the protection of populations from mass atrocity crimes and that the international community has a responsibility to assist states in fulfilling this responsibility. Accordingly, under R2P, the international community should use appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian, and other peaceful means to protect populations from these crimes. If a State fails to protect its populations or is in fact the perpetrator of crimes, the international community must be prepared to take stronger measures, including the collective use of force through the SC. Much of the doctrine of R2P is a restatement of existing commitments, rather than new international law, though the Syrian context merits considerable reflection on R2P and how the international community can collectively renew and live up to its commitments to civilian protection [25]. Thus far, the Russian veto on the SC has prevented a collective decision to authorize the use of force to protect civilians in Syria. be457b7860