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Over half of New South Wales has an arid or semi-arid climate. The eastern portion has a temperate climate, ranging from humid subtropical from its northern border to the Central Coast and most of Sydney, and oceanic to the south coast. The Snowy Mountains region in the south-east falls in the alpine climate or subpolar oceanic climate zone, with cool to cold weather all year around and regular heavy snowfalls in the winter and spring. Further inland, the climate is semi-arid and a desert climate towards the western part of the state.

The weather in the southern half of the state is generally warm to hot in summer and cool in the winter. The seasons are more defined in the southern half of the state, especially in the South West Slopes, Central West and the Riverina regions. On the coast and anywhere east of the dividing range, a summer rainfall peak is observed throughout its entire latitudinal span. On the ranges and farther inland, rainfall usually peaks in spring in most parts of the state; though the South West Slopes region, in the south-central part of the state (bordering Victoria), has a distinct winter rainfall peak; whereas the New England and North West Slopes regions have a summer rainfall peak. On a hot summer day, a southerly buster may at times moderate the extreme heat experienced in the coastal New South Wales region, from Port Macquarie southwards to Nowra.[10]

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The warmest region by annual maxima is the north-west, where summers are extremely hot, but winters relatively cooler and dry. The weather in the northeast region of the state, or the North Coast, bordering Queensland, is moderately hot, humid and rainy in the summer, and mild in winter with more sunshine; and little seasonal temperature difference. The Northern Tablelands have relatively milder summers and colder winters, due to their high elevation and inland location on the Great Dividing Range. The southeast coastal plain, which lies on the leeward side of the Great Dividing Range, experiences foehn winds, particularly between winter and spring, which can elevate fire danger.[11]

However, most of the Queensland populace experience two weather seasons: a winter period of rather warm temperatures with minimal rainfall, and a sultry summer period of hot, sticky temperatures and more rain.

Tasmania has a cool temperate climate, with most areas under an oceanic climate (Cfb), with four distinct seasons. Summer lasts from December to February when the average maximum sea temperature is 21 C (70 F) and inland areas around Launceston reach 24 C (75 F). Other inland areas are much cooler; Liawenee, located on the Central Plateau, is one of the coldest places in Australia with February temperatures ranging between 4 and 17 C (39 and 63 F). Autumn lasts between March and May and experiences changeable weather, where summer weather patterns gradually take on the shape of winter patterns.[48]

The Bureau and CSIRO have worked with the Australian Government to develop a national forecasting system for weather and climate, tailored to Australian needs. This system is called The Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator.

The intensity of heavy rainfall events has increased by 10% or more since 1979. Both the duration and frequency of heatwaves has increased since 1970. In the past decade, hot weather records have occurred 3 times more often than cold weather records.

The NSW and Australian Regional Climate Modelling (NARCliM) project provides regional climate projections of future changes in temperature, wind and rainfall across NSW and the ACT. This will help us to plan for the impacts of climate change on health, settlements, agriculture, weather extremes and services, such as water and energy supplies.

The Bureau of Meteorology has confirmed that another El Nio event is underway in Australia. As climate change continues to supercharge our weather, the impacts on natural climate phenomena like El Nio become increasingly significant.

Climate variability and change across seasons and decades has profound consequences for primary industries, coastal and water infrastructure, the generation and delivery of energy, and transport systems in Australia and throughout the world. To the extent that this variability and change is unanticipated and unplanned for, the net impact across sectors will be detrimental. However, research that improves our ability to understand and make projections of climate variability and change has the potential to reduce climate-related impacts and capitalise on potential opportunities associated with these changes. In this way, the impact of climate and weather research in Australia is felt in every corner of society.

Australia is affected by many different weather systems. Our climate can vary greatly from one year to the next. This climate variability is driven by many significant climate features that will have varying levels of impact in different regions at different times.

ENSO describes the oscillation between the El Nio phase and the La Nia phase, with a neutral phase in between. The El Nio phase has extensive warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean which leads to a major shift in weather patterns across the Pacific Ocean. El Nio conditions generally result in below average rainfall over much of eastern Australia. The La Nia phase has extensive cooling of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and generally leads to above average rainfall over much of Australia.

The northern wet season is also the tropical cyclone season in Australia. Most tropical cyclones occur between November and April, with an average of 11 affecting the Australian continent each year.Southern Australia is also affected by a more large-scale circulation climate influence, called the sub-tropical ridge. It straddles a belt of high pressure that encircles the mid-latitudes of the globe. The position of the sub-tropical ridge plays an important part in the way our weather varies from season to season.

The quality and quantity of observed and reanalysed data influence the direction and accuracy of scientific research. This paper reviews the data available for the study of climate and weather patterns in Australia. A list of global reanalysis and satellite data is provided, along with a more detailed review of available in situ (weather station) data in Australia. Regularly updated climate indices are identified that have previously been linked to Australian climate and weather events. Observation of Australian weather is severely hampered by the continents' vastness and remoteness, as evidenced by heavy bias of in situ measurements that are generally clustered in the coastal high-population centres (mainly southeast of Australia), with central and northern regions often having to rely on remote sensing and reanalysis data. Data sparsity can introduce significant uncertainty in terms of extreme weather and climate change management, as variables such as rainfall exhibit high spatial and temporal variability. Several areas for future research are identified, including investigation into the impact of Australian aerosol levels, the connection between soil moisture and flooding potential, and teleconnection between Atlantic sea surface temperature and Australian climate. While this study focusses on data availability to investigate Australian climate patterns, findings are applicable at a global scale.

During the summer, or "wet" season in Western Australia (October-March), temperatures are generally in the mid tohigh 30s, with high humidity. People more accustomed to cooler climates may find this weather unpleasant, butvisitors looking for some sunshine tend to find it enjoyable.

Seasons in Melbourne are more varied than those of some other areas in Australia, with warm summers, mild springs andautumns, and crisp winters. Summer in Melbourne last from December to February, autumn from March to May, winterfrom June to August, and spring from September to November. Top temperatures in Melbourne are usually in January andFebruary, when the weather is often dry with hot spells. June and July are the coldest months, and October is thewettest.

Heat waves or long periods of extreme heat can have serious impacts on people's health. Planning ahead and being prepared for extreme heat is important and these pages will help you prepare for hot weather.

Despite being so far away from each other, Darwin and Cairns experience similar weather throughout the year. The northern end of Australia experiences wet and dry seasons, unlike other parts of Australia.

Several climate change-related predictions and observations have been documented for the Australian continent. Extreme weather events such as cycles of severe drought and damaging flooding are occurring with greater frequency and have a severe impact on human health. Two specific aspects of climate change affecting allergic and other respiratory disorders are outlined: firstly, the consequences of extreme weather events and secondly, the change in distribution of airborne allergens that results from various climate change factors.

You might see it on the TV news or online, with its sweeping curves, dashed lines, and cryptic numbers. But what does a weather map actually tell you? Find out about some of its most distinctive and useful features to help you better understand the weather.

The weather map, also known as a synoptic (summary or overview) chart, is a simple representation of the weather patterns at the Earth's surface, showing the locations and movements of the different systems.

Isobars indicate the flow of air around weather systems. You can broadly interpret wind strength and direction from these maps. The general rule is that winds are strongest where the isobars are closest together. Thus, the strongest winds are usually near cold fronts, low pressure systems, tropical cyclones and in westerly airstreams south of Australia. Winds are normally light near high pressure systems where the isobars are widely spaced. ff782bc1db