ABOUT ARDUINO UNO R3 BOARD

ARDUINO UNO R3 BOARD COMPONENTS:-

ANALOG IN PINS
POWER PINS
DIGITAL (PWM-) PINS
RESET BUTTON
ATmega328 MICROCONTROLLER
USP PLUG
EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY
IN-CIRCUIT SERIAL PROGRAMMER

Analog In Pins

Pin A0-A5 are labelled Analog IN because these pins are used as input pins. They take inputs in the form of Analog signals, and return values between 0 and 1023 (that's because the Arduino Uno has a 10 bit Analog to Digital converter, or resolution). Most of the analog inputs can also be used as digital pins: analog input 0 as digital pin 14 through analog input 5 as digital pin 19. Analog inputs 6 and 7 (present on the Mini and BT) cannot be used as digital pins. These pins are located at the bottom-right corner of the Arduino Uno R3 Board.

2. Power Pins

The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may become unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

Vin- The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
5V- This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
3.3V- A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
GND. There are 2 Ground pins on the Arduino/Genuino board.
IOREF. This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.

3. Digital (PWM-) Pins

You can find 14 digital pins on an Arduino Uno board. They are easily recognizable, from 0 to 13 on the circuit board. These pins on the Arduino can be configured as either inputs or outputs. A digital pin can have only 2 states: LOW or HIGH. You can consider them as binary pins. Before you can actually use a digital pin, you need to configure its mode. A digital pin can either be on INPUT more or OUTPUT mode. When in INPUT mode, you’ll use it to read data. When in OUTPUT mode, you’ll use it to write data.

Some of the digital pins can be used to write a PWM. A PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is basically a way to get a specific voltage (ex: 4.1V) with only HIGH/LOW (5V/0V) states. The PWM creates a pulse running at a given frequency – 500Hz for Arduino Uno.

Serial is used for communication between the Arduino board and a computer or other devices. It communicates on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) as well as with the computer via USB. Thus, if you use these functions, you cannot also use pins 0 and 1 for digital input or output.

4. Reset Button

When we press the Arduino reset button the whole program which we have uploaded will be reset, it's program will once again restart from the first, it's almost like switch off and switch on button. The reset button does pretty much the same as unplugging the board and plugging it back in. When you reset the board the LED on pin 13 should flash a couple of times while it's in the bootloader before it runs whatever program you have programmed in. If that LED doesn't flash when you press the reset button then there is a serious fault with your board.

5. ATmega328 Microcontroller

ATmega328 is high performance, low power controller from Microchip. ATMEGA328P is an 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR RISC architecture. It is the most popular of all AVR controllers as it is used in ARDUINO boards. ATmega328 is commonly used in many projects and autonomous systems where a simple, low-powered, low-cost micro-controller is needed.

6. USP Plug

This plug is used for uploading sketches to the board and for serial communication between the board and the computer. It can also be used to power the board.

7. External Power Supply

This plug is used to power the Arduino board through 5v or 9v Battery. We cannot power more than 9v through this plug.

8. In-Circuit Serial Programmer

In-circuit serial programming (ICSP) is the ability of a microcontroller to be programmed without disconnecting from the circuitry. The ICSP header is physically available on the Arduino Board in the form of 6 pins. These pins are used to code and boot an Arduino from an external source.

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