論⽂タイトルの右に【PDF】の表記がある場合,クリックすることでPDF形式の論⽂を閲覧・ダウンロードすることができます。
2021年・年内を⽬処に,論⽂の公開を終了する予定です。
[A-1-1] Toward understanding the roles of consumer preferences in innovation processes
Du, Yunhan(東北大学)・Yoshinori Tone (JAVIS CO., LTD., Hanoi, Vietnam)・Akihito Sudo(静岡大学)・Naoya Fujiwara (東北大学)
It is an important issue to identify what factors affect innovation processes. Various researches on innovation have been made, but the effects of consumer preferences have not been taken into account. Aiming at understanding the importance of consumer preferences in the innovation processes, we build a network model in which the short-run equilibrium is achieved as a result of the utility maximization of consumers and profit maximization of firms. We consider innovation as firms' introducing new products which have different characteristics from existing ones. The numerical results suggest that innovation takes place if consumer preferences are high enough so that it is profitable for firms to introduce new products even after paying the development cost. We show that the economy reaches a steady state in a long term, where the firm number, firm ratio, and average distance between firms are kept stable. We also investigate the lifetime and profit properties of firms, and the social welfare in the long term.
[A-1-2] Two-dimensional Geographical Position as a Factor in Determining the Growth and Decline of Retail Agglomeration 【pdf】
相澤大輝(東北大学)・河野達仁(東北大学)
We investigate where retail stores agglomerate in a road network with radial roads and a ring road in a two-dimensional space. In the road network, per-distance travel cost on the radial roads is different from that on the ring road. Combining the road network and the spatial competition model proposed by Tabuchi (JUE, 2009), we investigate the transition of the two-dimensional agglomeration patterns of retail stores with decreases in the two types of travel costs. Results show that the difference in improvement sequences on the road network generates the difference in the agglomeration patterns. Furthermore, we show how the two-dimensional shape of the locations in a market system differs from that in the first-best location.
[A-1-3] Tourism and the Spatial Economy: A Quantitative Analysis of Japan 【pdf】
相場郁人(東京大学)
This study examines how tourism affects the spatial economy. I construct a spatial economic model that incorporates interregional tourist flows and calibrate it using Japanese data to conduct some counterfactual simulations. The observed pattern of tourist flows is largely explained by two things: tourism fundamentals, which include tourism resources and productivity of tourism-related industries; and geographic barriers, which are associated with interregional distances. Equalizing tourism fundamentals changes the population of each prefecture by up to about 7% in absolute value. Eliminating geographic barriers has only a little impact on the population in most prefectures, whereas a prominent growth of population is observed in Okinawa prefecture, which consists of a number of remote islands. These results imply that tourism fundamentals basically play a more dominant role in the spatial economy than geographic barriers, while the opposite is true for distant economies.
[B-1-1] Face-to-face communication and urban structures: Do cities change with prevailing telework? 【pdf】
坪井和史(東北大学)
This paper investigates the relationship between costs for telework and location of firms and households in a city. The setting of my model is based on Ogawa and Fujita (1980). Moreover, firms are divided into two types of firms; one is teleworking company hiring more teleworkers and the other is an office company hiring more on-site workers. Only on-site workers conduct face-to-face communication with other firms and incurs communication costs.
This paper shows that when telework cost decreases the first teleworking companies appear in either of two candidate locations; one is the fringe of the existing central business districts or boarder of the business district and the residential district, and the other is the urban fringes or the border of the residential district and agricultural hinterland. This brunch of location depends on the bid rent gradient of teleworking companies. If the bid rent gradient of teleworking companies is steeper than that of households, telework companies are located at the fringe of the existing central business districts where face-to-face communication cost is high and commuting cost is low. On the other hand, if the bid rent gradient of households is steeper than that of telework companies, telework companies are located at the urban fringes.
We also show that household’s welfare, wages, and the number of telework companies increase with the decline of telework costs. On the other hand, market rents decrease everywhere in the city. And both telework companies and households are mixed at urban fringes. These results coincide with some theoretical or empirical results. Delventhal, Kwon, and Parkhomenko, (2021) showed average real estate prices fall around city center and workers can get lager welfare by increase in working from home. Liao(2012) showed that business support services migrate to small cities and concentrate by progress of information technology.
[B-1-2] 時間空間の集積--NEGモデルを応用した分析-- 【pdf】
村山透(筑波大学)
集積の経済・不経済の発生には、地理的のみならず時間的な近接が重要である。本論はNEGモデルを応用し、時間空間上の集積を分析した。結果として、需給の即時性が強い異質財の供給に必要な熟練労働者とその他の非熟練労働者とでは、労働と消費のタイミングの分布が異なること、間接効用は熟練労働者の方が非熟練労働者よりも低くなり得ることがわかった。さらに、この時間選択の構造の存在が地理的な集積力に与える影響について調べた。
[B-1-3] A system-of-cities model considering spatio-temporal agglomeration economies 【pdf】
苗璐(金沢大学)・高山雄貴(金沢大学)・山口裕通(金沢大学)
This study investigates the mechanisms of spatial and temporal agglomeration of economic activities. To this end, we construct a system-of-cities model considering spatial and temporal agglomeration economies in multi-city, by integrating work start time choice model (Henderson, 1981) into traditional residential location model (Alonso, 1964). By utilizing the properties of the potential game, we show the following properties of the model: 1) The lower the merit of spatial agglomeration, the more staggered the work start times. 2) The lower the merit of temporal agglomeration, intercity population agglomerates in one city. 3) Staggering work start times is not necessary to improve social welfare.
[C-1-1] 東京オフィス市場では非対称な賃料調整過程が存在するのか? 【pdf】
松尾和史(筑波大学)・堤盛人(筑波大学)・今関豊和(株式会社オフィスビル総合研究所)
本研究では,オフィス賃貸市場における需要要因の変化の影響や,賃料・空室率・新規供給の相互作用の仕組みを理解するために広く用いられる賃料調整過程モデルを東京23区における区ごとのパネルデータに適用し,非対称な変動メカニズムの解明を試みた.分析の結果,賃料や空室率の調整は,需給ショックの方向性とショック時の市場の状態の両方に依存し,非対称的であること,また,データの観測頻度において一定の時間的間隔を考慮することで説明力が向上することがわかった.
[C-1-2] The impact of real estate market from the big earthquake: case of Tokyo 【pdf】
三河直斗(慶應義塾大学)
After the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, seismic activity changed dramatically in Japan. This change might affect people’s response to earthquakes, even outside the disaster-stricken area. This change might be heterogeneous depending on where they live, particularly depending on the seismic hazard. To measure the seismic hazard, this paper uses ground classification.
Using real estate transaction data and hedonic approach, this paper investigates the heterogeneous impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on undamaged areas. Focusing on ground classification, I found that land price in soft ground area in Tokyo decreased after the earthquake.
[C-1-3] 東日本大震災被災地域の震災リスクに対する住民評価の変遷ーヘドニックアプローチを用いた中期的分析ー 【pdf】
高橋海里(青山学院大学)
東日本大震災発生後報道などを通し個人の防災認識は深化していると予測される。本研究では震災前から現在までの被災地域を対象に震災リスクを考慮した中期的なヘドニックアプローチを実施し、東日本大震災から10年経ち震災リスクに対する住民の反応がどのように変化したのか把握することを目的とする。震災リスクとして地震動確率のみならず避難施設との関係性も導入し、空間的な防災活動への認識確認も行いたい。
[D-1-1] 利用者の異質性を考慮したコリドーネットワーク出発時刻選択問題 【pdf】
酒井高良(東北大学)・赤松隆(東北大学)・佐津川功季(東北大学)
本研究では,コリドーネットワークにおいて利用者の異質性を考慮した動的システム最適 (DSO) 配分と動的利用者均衡 (DUE) 配分の解析的解法,および両者の対応関係を解明する.具体的には,まず,DSO 配分の解析的解法を最適輸送理論の枠組みを活用して構築する. 続いて,DSO 配分と DUE 配分の問題構造上の類似点に着目し,スケジュールコスト関数が緩い仮定を満たす場合には前者のボトルネック容量制約条件に対するラグランジュ乗数が,後者のボトルネック待ち行列遅れコストに一致することを示す.最後に,この事実に基づき,DUE 配分の解がDSO解析解を活用して得られることを明らかにする.
[D-1-2] 都市機能・交通軸の空間配置最適化モデルを用いた最適集約方針の解明 【pdf】
須ヶ間淳(東北大学)・奥村誠(東北大学)
中心市街地に多数の施設が残存する一方,近年,郊外部にも多くの施設が設置された.またそれら施設に向かう公共交通も維持されている.しかし,地方都市など人口減少著しい地域でこれら全てを維持することは難しく,取捨選択が求められる.その際,コンパクトシティ・プラス・ネットワークの考え方に沿うことが考えられ,将来時点の具体的な空間配置を検討できる方法が必要となる.本研究では,将来のある一時点を対象に,都市機能・交通軸の空間配置を同時最適化する静的なモデルを提案する.
[D-1-3] Climate Mitigation and Spatial Distribution of Automobile Demand: The Role of Income, Public Transit, and Portfolio Preferences 【pdf】
黒田翔(筑波大学)・小西祥文(慶應義塾大学)・馬奈木俊介(九州大学)
We empirically characterize how automobile demand varies over geographic space and how it affects the economic consequences of climate mitigation policies. We augment a discrete-continuous choice model in ways that account for geographic distribution of incomes, public transit, and portfolio preferences. The estimated model substantiates the importance of this spatial demand heterogeneity for policy evaluation: Carbon tax has a larger CO2-reducing impact in non-urban settings, yet the effect flattens out as the transit density further declines as the vehicle demand becomes increasingly sticky; Consequently, the welfare loss from carbon tax is greatest in the lowest density areas; Eco-car sharing can mitigate this welfare penalty while remaining equally effective.
[E-1-1] The Spatial Distribution of Single Mother Households: Comparison to before and after The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 【pdf】
柴辻優樹(慶應義塾大学)
This paper examines whether single-mother households spatially concentrate in areas damaged by natural disasters. The analyses investigate their spatial distribution and moving before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. First, I specify spatial clusters and spatial outliers of single-mother households by applying spatial statistical methods. The analysis focuses on changes every five years since 2000 using aggregated census data. Second, I analyze whether single-mother households move more than other households in coastal areas heavily damaged by the tsunami. This analysis uses cross-sectional microdata of census for 2010 and 2015.
[E-1-2] Passive or Active? Behavioral Changes in Different Designs of Search Experiments
三上亮(大阪大学)・橘高勇太(神戸大学)・島田夏美(大阪大学)
Search experiments come in several different experimental designs, but some evidence on human behavior suggests that different experimental designs can lead to considerably different results. We compare several different experimental designs typically employed in search studies. The search experimental designs can be categorized as passive, quasi-active, and active searches. We found a significant difference in the results at the individual and aggregate levels across the designs despite the models behind are identical. In the passive search design, subjects tended to be more reluctant to search compared to the active design. Risk-averse subjects terminated the search more quickly in the passive design, unlike the other two designs.
[E-1-3] 法改正が政府調達に与える影響 ―独占禁止法改正と入札談合等関与行為防止法改正の事例から― 【pdf】
佐藤峰(名古屋市立大学)
本稿は、2005年独占禁止法改正と2006年入札談合等関与行為防止法改正が、国土交通省の入札価格に追加的に与えた影響を、改正法の施行が3フェーズに分かれていることを利用して推定した。その結果、両法改正が入札価格をそれぞれ約2%ポイント低下させたことを確認した。この結果から、両法改正が談合抑止のための1つの政策パッケージとして機能したことと、日本で行われていた入札談合は入札者間の談合の側面のみでなく、発注者と入札者の共謀の側面もあったことが示唆される。
[A-2-1] Does COVID-19 pandemic change our daily mobility? Evidence from Japanese cellar-phone data
伊藤亮(東北大学)・坪井和文 (東北大学)・藤原直哉(東北大学)
This paper investigates the influences of infection cases of COVID-19 and two non-compulsory lockdowns on human mobility within Tokyo metropolitan area. Using the data of hourly staying population in each 500m×500m cell and their city-level residency, we show that long-distance trips and trips to crowded places decrease more significantly when infection cases increased. The same result holds for the two lockdowns, although the second lockdown is less effective. Hence Japanese non-compulsory lockdowns actually influence the mobility in a similar way to the increase in infection cases, which means that they are accepted as alarms to notice people infection risks.
[A-2-2] Tax or Subsidy on Interregional Travel with Infectious Diseases 【pdf】
土居直史(小樽商科大学)・山崎慎吾(広島大学)
This paper develops a two-region model of interregional travel with infectious diseases and analyzes the optimal policy intervention. The main result is that even when infection spreads, both the restriction and promotion of travel may be optimal depending on regional asymmetry. This stems from the bidirectionality of interregional travel and the difficulty of identifying infected but asymptomatic from noninfected individuals. Numerical examples show that both taxes and subsidies on travel could be optimal in a realistic range of parameter values, although the optimal rate is small and at most approximately 50 JPY (roughly 0.5 USD) for Japan in 2020.
[B-2-1] 夕日トワイライト景観による道北活性化
幸坂麻琴(筑波大学)・大澤義明(筑波大学)・小林隆志(立正大学)
過疎が進む地方ではハード整備に投入できる予算が限られるため、地域資源を活かしたソフト整備を進めるべきである。地域資源の一つである夕日・トワイライト景観は、有史以前から変わらない地域性を端的に示す資産である。本研究では、まず過疎化が深刻な北海道西天北地域では夕日・トワイライト景観の条件が優れていることを明らかにした.これにより,夕日・トワイライト景観の指標の有用性を示すとともに,北海道特有の格子状都市の形が夕日・トワイライト景観に最適であることを明らかにした.
[B-2-2] The spillover effect of compact city policy on incumbent retailers in Toyama City 【pdf】
岩田真一郎(神奈川大学)・近藤恵介(独立行政法人経済産業研究所)
The compact city policy of Toyama City aims to encourage density in both the city center and suburban hubs linked by public transport systems. A framework of the policy relates to the place-based policy, which targets geographic underperforming zones. Several town developments projected by this policy, such as the development of housing, public and commercial facilities, and public transport systems, are conducted to increase the attractiveness in the target zones. Retail revitalization is, then, highly expected as a spillover effect through increasing market size. Using the difference-in-difference matching estimation with establishment-level panel data, this paper evaluates the policy impact on incumbent retailers located in the target zones, corresponding to a treatment group. The empirical results demonstrate that, although the policy effects are not observed in the short run, the policy has a positive impact on both inputs and outputs for incumbent retailers in the long run. The existing policy framework, however, does not generate positive spillover effects on incumbent retailer productivity.
[C-2-1] Discrimination against the atypical type of tenants in the Tokyo private rental housing market: Evidence from moving-in inspection and rent arrear records
鈴木雅智(東京大学)・川井康平(麗澤大学)・清水千弘(日本大学・東京大学)
This paper documents the discrimination against the ‘atypical’ type of tenants in the Tokyo private rental housing market, using tenant-level records on the moving-in inspection process and future rent arrears, which go beyond previous experimental and audit studies on the availability of listing properties. We show taste-based discrimination in the sense that atypical tenants (such as single elderlies, single mothers, and foreigners) are likely to be rejected even after controlling for their payment ability. However, such tenants do not exhibit a high probability of rent arrears, even when we consider sample selection at the moving-in inspection. We also show that the probability of acceptance at the moving-in inspection is reduced by unreasonable moving behaviours—a move to a place requiring extremely long commutes and/or longer commutes than before and a move within the same community—and in units with low rental costs.
[C-2-2] 市町村別に見た住宅地地価の形成要因2013~2020年
豊田哲也(徳島大学)
リーマンショック以降の地価は、大都市で上昇しているが地方では下落に歯止めがかからず、二極化の様相を示している。本研究では、2013~2020年の地価公示データから得られた市町村別平均値を被説明変数とし、面積あたり世帯数と世帯あたり課税所得額を用いて回帰分析をおこなった。世帯密度は所得額より説明力が高いが、地価に対する弾力性は所得額の方が大きい。大都市圏への人口集中や所得格差拡大が地価分布に相乗的効果を及ぼしていると判断される。
[A-3-1] Maximum likelihood estimation of quantitative spatial economics models 【pdf】
瀬木俊輔(神戸大学)
This study presents a method to apply maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to estimate parameters in quantitative spatial economics models. The method can be applied to any model in which the unique values of the error terms can be recovered from the observed data on the endogenous variables. Through Monte Carlo experiments, I demonstrate three advantages of MLE over generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation in the context of quantitative spatial economics. First, the estimator of MLE is less biased and has lower variance. Second, MLE can identify parameters with less data. MLE can be applied even if data on exogenous local variables or multiple-period data is unavailable. Third, MLE is less likely to find parameter values with which the observed equilibrium is unstable. I also present an empirical illustration of MLE with data of Japan.
[A-3-2] A Core-Periphery Model under Additively Separable Preferences
曽道智(東北大学)・Wang Congcong (東北大学・浙江大学)・朱希偉(浙江大学)
This paper revisits the core-periphery model of Krugman (1991) when his CES utility is replaced by a general additively separable sub-utility which captures the income effect and allows variable markups. New evolving paths and bifurcation patterns are created by the interaction between the agglomeration force generated by monopolistic competition, increasing returns to scale, trade cost and the dispersion force resulting from the pro-competitive effect. Autarky does not necessarily produce full dispersion and free trade may not correspond to agglomeration. Moreover, the demand parameter of manufactured goods is crucial to determining the firm location.
[B-3-1] Natural Disasters and Firm Selection: Heterogeneous Effects of Flooding Events on Manufacturing Sectors in Japan 【pdf】
吉田惇(九州大学)・内田真輔(名古屋市立大学)・野原克仁(北星学園大学)・日引聡(東北大学)
Recently, natural disasters and extreme weather events have been occurring more frequently. This study examines how large floods affect the value of manufacturing product shipments and the number of facilities in the long run using municipality-level data in Japan. We considered the impacts of flooding depending on the size of the facilities and past flood experiences (leading to flood preparedness in advance). We found “build back better” dynamics, in which the value of manufacturing product shipments grew in cities affected by floods. We also found that large facilities increased, while small and mid-sized facilities decreased following floods.
[B-3-2] 賃貸住宅市場における水害リスク認知と浸水被害の影響 【pdf】
安田昌平(日本大学)・菅澤武尊(日本住宅総合センター)・大坪未奈(日本大学)
本論文では、2015年9月の関東・東北豪雨における茨城県の被災地域を事例として、水害リスク情報が被災前後で住宅賃料に与える影響を、ヘドニックアプローチを用いて推定した。推定の結果、浸水想定区域外で浸水被害を受けなかった物件と比較して、浸水想定区域内で浸水被害があった物件は、被災前から賃料が低く、被災後にはさらに賃料が低下し、一方、浸水想定区域内で浸水被害を受けなかった物件は、被災前には賃料が低かったが、被災後には賃料が上昇したことが明らかになった。
[C-3-1] 交通系ICカードデータとキャンパスモビリティ改善【PDF】
西村詩央里(筑波大学)・野口宇宙(筑波大学)・大澤義明(筑波大学)
新型コロナウイルス感染拡大による移動自粛により,公共交通の利用は減少した.大学においてもオンライン授業が導入され,大学施設や学内バスの利用が減少し,新たな学内施設・学内バスの在り方及び効率性の向上が求められている.本研究では,交通系ICカードデータから得られるOD量に着目し,筑波大学学内バスの利用実態を明らかにした.そしてwithコロナ,afterコロナを見据えたキャンパス交通計画について提案を行った.
[C-3-2] 時間制約を考慮した都市間3PL物流網最適化 【pdf】
奥村誠(東北大学)・古屋拓人(東北大学)・Yuan Jingyi(東北大学)
e-commerceの進展により3PL物流は重要性を増している.本研究は,配送時間に制約を受ける3PL企業が都市間物流網を計画する問題を扱う.OD間の需要が小さければ一旦ハブに集約し他の都市発の荷物とまとめて輸送する形態が効率的であるが,所要時間が長くなり時間制約を満たさなくなる恐れがある.本研究は混合整数計画問題を定式化し,時間制約の変化が総費用とNW形態に与える影響を分析した結果を示す.所要時間の算定方法の厳密化の方法などを議論したい.
[A-4-1] テレワークが都市構造に与える影響の分析
猪原龍介(亜細亜大学)
空間経済学の2地域モデルに地域間の通勤行動を導入することで、テレワークの普及による通勤費用の低下が都市構造に与える影響を分析する。通勤により居住地が分散化されると、集中化に伴う地代の上昇が抑えられ、雇用の集中化傾向が強まる。通勤費用の低下はこの傾向を強めることとなり、雇用の集中化と居住地の分散化が進むことになる。本モデルを日本の都市雇用圏に適用して、テレワークが都市構造に与える影響を検証する。
[A-4-2] Urban spatial structures from human flow by Hodge-Kodaira decomposition
藤嶋翔太(一橋大学)・青木高明(香川大学)・藤原直哉(東北大学)
We reveal urban spatial structures from the intra-urban human mobility. To this end, we uniquely decompose the human flow into the gradient and curl components through the Hodge-Kodaira decomposition and focus on the scalar potential behind the gradient flow. We depict the potential landscapes in Tokyo over 30 years and those in London by transport modes. We also evaluate the explanatory power of the gradient component for each metropolitan area in the USA. We find that the curl component is not always negligible, which poses a new direction for the human mobility analysis.
[B-4-1] 統計的因果探索に基づく全国道路アクセスのストック効果検証 【pdf】
塚井誠人(広島大学)・杉原豪(ネクスコ中日本)
本研究では,LiNGAMを用いて,全国道路アクセスと経済成長の因果関係を明らかにする.国内の全市町村の2時点約3400サンプルを用いたデータから道路アクセス,GRP及び主な交絡変数間の因果構造の検証を行った.その結果,「社会経済変数→アクセス指標・経済パフォーマンス変数」「アクセス指標→経済パフォーマンス変数」という因果構造が得られ,社会基盤の整備と経済成長の間に正の因果関係が存在することを支持した.部分データセットによる推計の結果,因果構造に多少の違いが現れたが,おおむね上記の結論と合致する結果を得た.
[B-4-2] マッチング・共変量バランス・因果効果推定バイアス:モンテカルロ・シミュレーションによる分析【pdf】
福井秀樹(愛媛大学)
本稿は、マッチング手法を用いた共変量バランス改善および因果効果推定バイアス補正の有効性を、シミュレーション分析により検討した。その結果、PSM、MDM、CEMのいずれも、共変量バランス改善に有効であること、また、除去観察値数と共変量バランスとの関係にKing and Nielsen (2019)の指摘する「PSM逆説」は認められないという示唆が得られた。むしろ、マッチング手法の違いにかかわらず、共変量バランスの改善は、ある点を超えて進めると、推定値バイアスの抑制に寄与しなくなるという逆説的事態をもたらす可能性があることを本稿のシミュレーション分析は示唆している。
[C-4-1] On the Use of Vehicle Flows Data to Assess Local Economic Activity: The Case of Philippine
中島賢太郎(一橋大学)・Eugenia C. Go (ADB)・Yasuyuki Sawada (U. Tokyo)・Kiyoshi Taniguchi (ADB)
The lack of suitable data has been the key challenge in implementing ex-post policy evaluation. To overcome such a data constraint, this study proposes the use of new granular data as a measure of local economic activities. Specifically, we employ number of car counts in each 500 by 500 meter mesh as identified from a machine learning algorithm from high-resolution satellite imageries. Using the opening of the new international terminal of the Cebu International Airport in the Philippines in 2018 as a quasi-experiment, we estimate the impact of the new airport terminal on the local economy of Metropolitan Cebu with the new data set. The results of the difference-in-difference (DID) analysis show that the new terminal increased the volume of vehicle traffic in Cebu City significantly. The effect decays with distance from the airport, is stronger in areas where hotels are located, and is most pronounced in the peak months for international tourists. These imply that the opening of the new international terminal has been promoting the economy in Cebu through enhanced international tourism.
[C-4-2] Heterogeneous households’ choices of departure time and residential location in a multiple-origin rail system: market equilibrium and the first best solution
河野達仁(東北大学)・Joji Konagane (Tohoku University)
This paper explores heterogenous commuters’ train choices with different arrival times and residential locations in a city composed of a single CBD and multiple residential zones. First, we analyze the relation between the cost of train overcrowding and train choice, given three typical residential location patterns according to income level. Next, we analyze the necessary conditions for the existence of the residential location patterns on the basis of the relation between train overcrowding and train choice in equilibrium. The obtained necessary conditions depend on the values of time, housing lot sizes, and the overcrowding costs. The overcrowding costs depend on the choices of trains with different arrival times in equilibrium. Finally, in quantitative analysis, we show how much the social welfare improves due to the first-best congestion fares, depending on the residential location patterns.
[A-5-1] 地域特化と都市化経済の範囲はどれほど広いのか 【pdf】
Yu Kijun(青山学院大学)
本研究では集積の経済の距離減衰効果を、都心5区のIT企業を中心に分析した。その結果3つのことが確認された。①同種産業の集中として計った地域特化は、企業から半径450メートルの距離では集積の経済として、450-900メートルにおいては集積の不経済として影響する。②他種産業の集中として計った都市化経済は、多少弱いが、各企業の1800メートルの範囲で影響されている。③オフィス地区ごとの都市化経済としての個別効果が存在する。
[A-5-2] 文化的財の貿易と文化的財産業の集積の特殊性 【pdf】
田村塔也(岩手県信用農業協同組合連合会)・王 璐 (江蘇瀋陽農村商業銀行)・田北俊昭(山形大学)
本研究は,文化的財の国際貿易に関する空間経済モ デルを構築することが目的である。古くから各民族の歴史文化によって,食, 音楽, 文学, 工芸などの様々な文化的財が生み出されてきた。本研究では種々の文化的財の中から,アニメ・映画・音楽など無形文化的財の国際貿易を分析対象とし,文化的財の輸送・配信費用および消費者の海外文化に対する 嗜好が文化的財の貿易量および各国の文化的財産業の集積メカニズムに与える影響を明らかにする。
[A-5-3] 昨今の製造業を中心とした産業の集積・分散度に関する分析: 2016年経済センサス市町村データを用いて【pdf】
米本清(高崎経済大学)
米本(2020)ではMori and Smith (2011, 2014, 2015)などに基づいて、産業の集中度・分散度に関する簡易的な分析を行った、今回は、Mori and Smith(主として2000年前後の状況を分析)の提案するフォーマルな手法にほぼ沿って2016年時点の分析を行い、結果をアップデートするとともに、製造業以外の産業に関しても指標を示す。これらの分析により、多くの部門において空洞化や集中度の変化が見られることが分かる。比較的好調な部門を示し、地方における産業振興に関して提言を行う。
[B-5-2] 水道事業における民間委託の効率性分析【pdf】
塩津ゆりか(京都産業大学)・菅原宏太(京都産業大学)
近年、水道事業においても民間委託が進んでいる。背景には水道財政の悪化がある。民間委託のうち、第3者委託は受託者に水道法上の責任を負わせる代わりに性能発注であることから、経費節減になると期待されてきた。しかし、第3者委託はまだ普及しているとはいえない。一方、従来からの仕様書発注による一部業務委託は半数近い事業者が導入している。本稿では、これらの民間委託は本当に経費削減になっているのかを、Principal-Supervisor-Agent理論の枠組みに基づき、確率フロンティア分析で分析した。分析の結果、理論的には一部業務委託では経費削減になっている可能性があること、第3者委託では経費削減にはなっていない可能性を明らかにした。
[B-5-3] Yardstick Competition and Spatial Interdependence of Cost Efficiency in Local Governments: Development of an Interpretable Spatial Inefficiency Stochastic Frontier Model 【pdf】
塚本高浩(中京大学)・前田出(豊橋市役所)
We develop a new spatial inefficiency stochastic frontier model. Our spatial inefficiency stochastic frontier model meets the following conditions: (a) It can detect not only positive, but also negative spatial autocorrelation of inefficiency; (b)The inefficiency follows a truncated normal distribution; and (c) It can distinguish whether the detected spatial autocorrelation is caused by an influence from one’s own inefficiency on the surrounding inefficiency (true spatial spillovers) or by a lack of spatially dependent determinants of inefficiency (spurious spatial spillovers).
Furthermore, we use our proposed model to verify whether there is a spatial interdependence of cost inefficiency in Japanese local governments. Our results support that yardstick competition between Japanese local governments is present. It implies that the disclosure of information on local government activities may lead to better efficiency.
[A-6-1] Knowledge spillovers through industry-university research collaborations
岡本千草(中央大学)
This paper aims to examine whether industry-university research collaboration generates knowledge spillovers. Using the reorganization of Japanese national universities into independent corporations in 2004 as a quasi-natural experiment, we estimate the effect of participation in industry-university research collaboration on the innovation output of its partner establishments of firms. Contrary to expectations, the staggered Difference-in-Differences reveal that participation decreases the number of patent applications invented by its partner establishments. Overall, we find no evidence of knowledge spillovers through industry-university research collaboration. The results imply that it substitutes other research activities such as independent research and inter-firm joint research.
[A-6-2] Foreign Direct Investment and Quality Upgrading in Indonesian Manufacturing 【pdf】
齋藤久光(北海道大学)・松浦寿幸(慶應義塾大学)
本研究の目的は,インドネシアの製造業に関する企業・財レベルのデータをもとに,対内直接投資が地場企業の財の品質改善にどの程度寄与しているのか検証することである.通関統計をもとに輸出企業に限定して分析を行った既存研究とは異なり,本研究では非輸出企業も含めて分析を行った.その結果,輸出企業は輸出を始める以前から多国籍企業より品質へのスピルオーバー効果を受けていること,非輸出企業でも中間財や資本財を生産する企業は同様のスピルオーバー効果を享受していることが分かった.したがって,多国籍企業の誘致は輸出の内延だけでなく,外延の拡大にも有効である.
[B-6-1] 間接的災害リスクと人口分布の変化–CBDからの一定範囲における被災リスクの分析– 【pdf】
香川涼亮(立教大学)・村山透(筑波大学)
都市中心部でより深刻な災害の間接的被害を想定し、CBD付近の一定範囲をリスク地区とする単一中心都市モデルを用いて、被災リスクの都市内居住選択への影響を分析した。結果、このリスク上昇がCBDからより離れた地区への転出を起こすとわかった。また、比較静学分析により、リスク地区が狭い都市では、金銭的補助やテレワークの推進が郊外化を促す可能性がわかった。
[B-6-2] 遠距離相続と遺産移動 【pdf】
宇佐美朋香(株式会社ルリアン)・阿部くらん(筑波大学)・小西弘樹(株式会社ルリアン)・藤巻米隆(株式会社ルリアン)・大澤義明(筑波大学)
わが国では人口減少により人口の大都市一極集中が進んでいる.同時に,地方は人口・経済ともに疲弊し,空き家問題等,都市計画分野まで影響を及ぼしている.この問題の原因として,遺産相続によって相続財産までもが大都市に集中してしまうことがある.本研究では,株式会社ルリアンの遺産相続データを用いて人口の遠距離移動に伴う遺産移動に着目し,金融相続額や不動産相続における相続人の流動を可視化することで,大都市一極集中が地方の都市計画に及ぼす影響のメカニズムの体系化を行った.
[C-6-1] Privatization and optimal vertical structure in network industries 【pdf】
川崎晃央(大分大学)
This study examines the problem of vertical structure and the privatization policy of network industries by including the foreign downstream firm and cost-efficiency of privatized firm. In the network industries, there exists an upstream sector which has an essential facility and a downstream sector which provides the goods or services.
The main results are as follows. When cost efficiency of the privatized firm is sufficiently large, privatized vertical integration is socially preferable. When it is medium-sized, the optimal structure depends on the foreign ownership rate. When the cost-efficiency is small, privatized vertical integration is never socially preferable.
[C-6-2] Digital Platformer Economy with Network Externalities-A Pathway to Sharing Economy
日原勝也(東京都立大学)
We model the two-sided economy with the intermediation by a digital platformer by using fairly simple Cobb-Douglas surplus functions which explicitly contain network externalities. The analyses show (1) under the economically viable conditions, the profit of platformer and, hence social welfare, can be limitless in the membership growth strategy. (2) We also derive the necessary and sufficient condition for social welfare or profit maximization problems incorporating Karush-Kuhn-Tucker-Lagrange (KKTL) conditions as the solution of quasi-concave programming problem. (3) With the conditions, we obtain the closed form solutions for profit maximization and social welfare maximization with capacity constraints, which lead the pathway to Uber/Airbnb type sharing economy. (4) We conduct numerical illustrations and simulation analyses for perturbation of parameters such as consumer surplus, including major shock to consumer surplus as is seen in the pandemic of COVID-19. Finally (5) some policy implications are discussed with these results.
[A-7-1] 平成の大合併による市町村隣接関係の変化【PDF】
川辺怜(筑波大学)・田宮圭祐(株式会社パスコ)・鈴木勉(筑波大学)・大澤義明(筑波大学)
我が国の自治体数は平成の大合併により大きく減少し,また自治体間の隣接関係は変化した.
そして,合併前に展開されていた旧自治体間の広域連携に齟齬を引き起こした.
本研究では,平成の大合併による市区町村隣接関係の変化を抽出し,旧自治体の隣接関係がどの程度失われたのかを数量化し,圏域齟齬がどの程度生じやすいのか,越境合併がどの程度画期的であるかを,平成の大合併前後の隣接グラフを比較することで検証した.
[A-7-2] Spatial gaps in minimum wages and job search of young workers: Evidence from Japan 【pdf】
近藤恵介(独立行政法人経済産業研究所)・浜口伸明(神戸大学)
This study examines the extent to which the spatial gaps in minimum wages affect job search behavior of new high school graduates. The 2007 amendment of the Minimum Wage Act in Japan aimed to adjust regional minimum wages to compensate different cost-of-living in each prefecture because minimum wages in urban prefectures were low relative to local cost-of-living, and this adjustment temporarily extended spatial gaps in minimum wages between urban and rural prefectures. Exploiting exogeneous shocks to the regional minimum wages and proposing the Bartik-like instruments for different exposure to these shocks, this study estimates a causal impact of spatial gaps in minimum wages on location choice of new high school graduates. Our estimation results by the instrumental variable method show that gaps in minimum wages between rural and urban prefectures motivate new high school graduates in rural prefectures to seek jobs outside their prefectures of residence. We conduct counterfactual evaluation for uniform minimum wage policy, meaning that, whereas nominal minimum wages are uniform across prefectures, real minimum wages in rural prefectures are higher than those in urban prefectures. Our counterfactual evaluation shows that approximately 10–20% of new graduates seeking jobs still seek jobs outside their prefectures, suggesting that amenity and non-economic factors also play a key role in explaining spatial job search behavior of new high school graduates.
[A-7-3] Admission to childcare facilities and migration between regions in an OLG model with endogenous fertility
内藤徹(同志社大学)・橋本浩幸(兵庫県立大学)
In this paper, we introduce standby probability for waitlisted children into a simple OLG model with endogenous fertility. Moreover, we extend it to a two-region model. Although Hashimoto and Naito (2020) took account of waitlisted children by introducing standby probability into most of previous studies as to OLG model with two regions, they do deal with standby probability as a parameter. However, we cannot ignore the cost for it because it is necessary for the government to pay for the policies. We introduce the budget constraint of government into Hashimoto and Naito(2020) and construct the mechanism to determine the standby probability endogenously. As the results of analysis, we find that childcare policy may lead to an outflow of population from region u under some parameters set.
[B-7-1] 土壌汚染対策法と不動産に関する実証分析
野村魁(東海大学)
日本の土壌汚染問題に関連する法律として、土壌汚染対策法が2003年に施行された。この法律によって、土壌汚染状況の情報開示が行われるようになったことで、土壌汚染の情報開示が周辺の不動産価格へ影響を及ぼすことが予想される。土壌汚染が地価に与える影響に関して、日本に関する研究は非常に少ない。本研究は東京都における土壌汚染調査の実施・汚染状況・汚染除去が周辺不動産に与える影響について、ヘドニックアプローチを用いて分析する。
[B-7-2] 賃貸住宅管理コストが仲介事業者の外国人差別対応に与える影響 【pdf】
菅澤武尊(公益財団法人日本住宅総合センター)・原野啓 (明海大学)
本研究では東京都の賃貸住宅仲介市場に注目し、物件管理コストの有無が外国人顧客への差別的対応に与える影響を識別する手紙実験を行なった。1032通の問い合わせを送ったところ、物件管理コストの存在は仲介事業者の外国人への返信確率を有意に低下させることが分かった。一方で、管理コストの有無は外国人への返信内容に有意に影響しなかった。調査にあたっては、実験時点で実際に東京都内への入居を検討している日本人、外国人の協力を得、問い合わせ前に調査対象物件への入居意思を確認した。
[B-7-3] Factory land-use change and residential and industrial mixed areas
福井紳也(大阪産業経済リサーチ&デザインセンター)・Luong Anh Dung(大阪産業経済リサーチ&デザインセンター)
This study explores the factors behind the land-use change in large urban areas, where factory locations are turning into low/unused lands. Estimation is made using 1,824 land-use data in Osaka between 2013 and 2018, using the dichotomous specification. Estimation results indicate that the land-use change from factories to low/unused lands is due to the mixed land-use of residential and industrial and loose location restrictions such as quasi-industrial zones. To cope with the endogeneity between factory land-use and mixed land-use of residential and industrial in the estimation, we use instrumental variables that affect mixed land-use of residential and industrial and does not directly affect factory land-use.
[C-7-1] Naked Exclusion under Exclusive-offer Competition
松島法明(大阪大学)・北村紘(京都産業大学)・佐藤美里(岡山大学)・田村彌(名古屋大学)
This study constructs a model of anticompetitive exclusive-offer competition between two existing upstream firms. Under exclusive-offer competition, the upstream firm's profit depends on the rival's exclusive offer. If the rival makes an exclusive offer acceptable for the downstream firm, the upstream firm is excluded unless it succeeds in exclusion. Consequently, the upper bound of exclusive offers becomes higher than when one of the upstream firms is a potential entrant that cannot make any exclusive offer. Thus, the exclusion of the existing upstream firm can be an equilibrium outcome even in the case where the potential entrant is never excluded.
[C-7-2] Managing Self-Investments When An Original Equipment Manufacturer Competes with Its Contract Manufacturer
潘聡(京都産業大学)・Michael Kopel (University of Graz)・吉田翔平(獨協大学)
We study competition between an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and its contract manufacturer (CM). The CM manufactures a product for the OEM and sells it to the OEM based on a nonlinear contract. Contract terms are determined through Nash bargaining. The CM also manufactures its own product and both products are sold to consumers in the final product market. The OEM and the CM make costly self-investments to enhance their own product's prominence. We first show that the parties' investments have opposite effects on the trade surplus that is shared between them. The OEM can only profit when the bargaining process reaches an agreement and therefore the OEM’s self-investment always increases the trade surplus. In contrast, the CM can still offer its product as a monopolist if bargaining fails and as a consequence the CM's self-investment reduces the trade surplus. Resulting from this mechanism, we find that (1) an increase in the intrinsic value of both firms' products, (2) a decrease in consumers' "dislike" of the CM's product, and (3) an increase in both firms' investment efficiency, can reduce both parties' profits and hence harm the supply chain. These changes in the firms' economic environment can have unintuitive but harmful consequences since they increase the CM's incentive to choose a higher destructive investment but at the same time motivate the OEM to reduce its surplus-enhancing investment. Finally, we find that an increase in the CM's bargaining power can actually reduce the CM's profit, increase the OEM's profit, but hurt the supply chain performance.
[D-7-1] 携帯電話人流データによる道路利用者と管理者の関係【PDF】
一井直人(筑波大学)・佐野雅人(筑波大学)・鈴木勉(筑波大学)・大澤義明(筑波大学)
近年,我が国の道路管理において,無計画な道路建設により維持管理状態が芳しくない道路が多くみられる.一方で携帯電話人流データはリアルタイムかつ高精度でデータを集積でき,今後の都市計画への導入が期待される.本研究では携帯電話人流データを用いて,道路の利用者を時間別,属性別に把握する.また,三角グラフ上でのアイチソン距離を用いて,需要と供給の合致度を吟味することで,受益者負担原則による道路管理を考察し,公共インフラ維持管理計画の在り方に関して言及する.
[D-7-2] 低公害燃料車所有の規定要因に関するパネルデータ分析
亀山嘉大(佐賀大学)・伊藤優汰(システムソフト)
近頃、地球温暖化防止対策として、世界各国で自動車の動力源が見直されている。2020年12月に日本政府は、2030年までに国内でのガソリン車の販売を禁止する方針を示し、低公害車への転換に乗り出した。2021年4月の「気候変動サミット」で、日本は2013年度比で46%減を表明し、この動きは加速している。とはいえ、自動車の購入は、消費者の(所得制約に基づく)購買行動に拠るところが大きい。本研究では、都道府県別のデータをもとに、消費行動に基づき低公害車の普及(購入)の要因分析を行う。