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Quantum sensing leverages the interaction of atoms with external fields to facilitate precise measurement. Sensing modalities like mm-waves, RF signals, and acoustics have been widely used for their non-intrusive characteristics, enabling accurate detection and analysis in various applications. These traditional methods rely on engineered transducers and signal processing techniques to extract information from the surrounding environment.
However, the advantage of Rydberg-based atomic sensors lies in their exceptional sensitivity and broadband capability, enabling the direct detection of weak electromagnetic fields with minimal interference. Unlike conventional sensing techniques, which can suffer from environmental distortions and require extensive calibration, Rydberg sensors utilize the quantum properties of highly excited atoms to achieve intrinsic, calibration-free measurements. This makes them particularly attractive for applications requiring high precision, wide frequency coverage, and non-invasive operation, such as next-generation wireless communication, secure signal detection, and deep-space exploration.
Quantum Sensor setup in iCoSMoS Lab
Principles of Rydberg based quantum sensors
Principles of Rydberg based quantum sensors
A Rydberg atom aids in sensing by leveraging its extreme sensitivity to external electromagnetic fields due to its highly excited electronic state. When an atom is excited to a Rydberg state, its outer electron orbits at a significantly larger radius, making it highly responsive to even weak external perturbations, such as RF and microwave fields. This allows Rydberg atoms to act as natural, self-calibrating field sensors, capable of detecting electromagnetic signals across a broad spectrum with high precision.
This sensing capability is achieved through two key quantum phenomena: Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting. EIT allows a normally opaque atomic medium to become transparent when exposed to a specific control laser, enabling precise measurement of external fields by observing changes in the transmission of light through the atoms. By analyzing these effects, Rydberg sensors can provide highly accurate and real-time electromagnetic field measurements, offering a revolutionary approach to sensing in various scientific and technological applications.
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