Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha[a] was a powerful and deadly tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean which affected Myanmar and parts of Bangladesh in May 2023. The second depression and the first cyclonic storm of the 2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Mocha originated from a low-pressure area that was first noted by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) on 8 May. After consolidating into a depression, the storm tracked slowly north-northwestward over the Bay of Bengal, and reached extremely severe cyclonic storm intensity. After undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle, Mocha rapidly strengthened, peaking at Category 5-equivalent intensity on 14 May with winds of 280 km/h (175 mph), tying with Cyclone Fani as the strongest storm on record in the North Indian Ocean in terms of 1-minute sustained winds. Mocha slightly weakened before making landfall, and its conditions quickly became unfavorable. Mocha rapidly weakened once inland and dissipated shortly thereafter.

Thousands of volunteers assisted citizens of Myanmar and Bangladesh in evacuating as the cyclone approached the international border.[8] Evacuations were also ordered for low-lying areas in Sittwe, Pauktaw, Myebon, Maungdaw, and Buthidaung. In Bangladesh, over 500,000 individuals were ordered to be relocated from coastal areas of the country due to the storm's approach. Officials from the military declared the state of Rakhine a natural disaster area. Several villages in Rakhine State were also damaged by the cyclone. The death toll for Cyclone Mocha varies significantly. ASEAN reported a total of 145 deaths,[9] whereas the National Unity Government of Myanmar (NUG) stated that Cyclone Mocha killed at least 463 people, including three indirect deaths in Bangladesh. The storm also injured 719 people and left 101 others missing.[10][6] It caused about US$1.5 billion of damage in Myanmar.[11]


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After completing its cycle on 13 May, the eyewall became well-defined, resulting in another period of rapid intensification. Low vertical wind shear and robust outflow facilitated the strengthening, and Mocha reached 1-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph), equivalent to Category 4 strength on the SSHWS.[30] Mocha achieved its peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, when the IMD estimated winds of 215 km/h (130 mph), just under super cyclonic storm intensity. Its barometric pressure was assessed at 938 hPa (27.70 inHg).[1] The JTWC initially estimated 1-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) at 00:00 UTC of 14 May, making Mocha a Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone.[31] However, the agency subsequently revised the estimate to 280 km/h (175 mph), tied with Cyclone Fani as the strongest storm on record in the North Indian Ocean, in terms of 1-minute sustained winds.[32][33]

UNHCR, the UN refugee agency, stated that "emergency preparations in the camps and on Bhasan Char are underway" in collaboration with the government and local humanitarian organizations.[49] Heavy rains from the cyclone might cause landslides in Chittagong and Cox's Bazar, as well as three other hilly districts: Rangamati, Bandarban, and Khagrachhari, according to authorities in Bangladesh.[50] A half-million people are being evacuated to safer areas in south-eastern Bangladesh ahead of a possibly catastrophic cyclone.[51] The WHO deployed 40 ambulances and 33 mobile medical teams in Cox's Bazar.[52] In addition, Arjun Jain, the UN's principal coordinator for the Rohingya refugee response in Bangladesh, says that there are numerous ambulances and mobile health teams available to support Bangladeshis in need as well as refugees. These teams are highly trained to assist the elderly, children, and the disabled.[53]

Several villages from Sittwe, Mrauk-U, Kyauktaw and Minbya Townships of Rakhine State were demolished.[68] In Kyawtaw, nearly 90 percent of houses in the town were destroyed.[68] At least 10 villages in Salin Township were flooded due to increased water level of Salin Creek by heavy rains.[69] On Munaung Island, two women died and 1,000 houses were destroyed, including 400 in Pyaeng Taung village.[70] In Chin State, at least 1,136 houses were destroyed in seven townships.[10] Two people were killed by a landslide near Tachilek.[71] A storm surge estimated at 3 to 3.5 m (9.8 to 11.5 ft) impacted coastal communities in Rakhine.[72] Parts of Sittwe were flooded by the surge,[73] leaving streets and homes submerged.[74] Severe winds knocked down a communication tower in Sittwe.[75] Roofs were blown off houses, and billboards flew off buildings in Yangon.[75] After the cyclone made landfall, communication networks in Rakhine were damaged, according to the UN and local media.[73] The towns of Chauk and Sinphyukyun [my] reported record rainfall totals of 218 millimetres (8.58 in) and 177 mm (6.97 in) respectively, each well above their previous record totals slightly below 100 mm (3.94 in).[76] Officials from the United League of Arakan estimated the damage in Rakhine state were at US$1.5 billion.[11] In terms of flooding, a satellite estimate released on 16 May determined at least 895 km2 (346 sq mi) of land was inundated, exposing over 141,000 people. This was in a survey of around 15,160 km2 (5,853 sq mi).[77] Following Cyclone Mocha's arrival, up to 16 million people (5.6 million being children) were potentially exposed to the storm's affects, including 1.2 million displaced.[78]

At least 2,522 houses in Cox's Bazar were destroyed, with another 10,469 others damaged.[81] On St. Martin's Island, 700 houses were destroyed[81] and at least 12 people were injured including one in critical condition. The cyclone impact were less than initially feared as the storm surge was less than anticipated.[82] 500 houses were destroyed in Teknaf.[81] Three people died of stroke while attempting to recover their salt farm on Maheshkhali Island.[83] There and in other upazilas, between 50 and 60 houses were damaged.[81] Agricultural damage in Cox's Bazar District reached 115 million (US$1.07 million).[84] Mocha's Gale-force winds began to blow in Bangladesh, accompanied by heavy rainfall.[75] Heavy rains in Bangladesh, according to officials, caused damage in several regions.[85]

Although the impact of the cyclone on Sri Lanka was significantly reduced by its landfall between Bangladesh and Myanmar, seven people were injured,[86] another seven were reported missing, and nearly 2,000 people have been affected in Southern Sri Lanka due to the cyclonic storm's indirect influence.[87] The Sri Lanka Navy (SLN) has deployed approximately 30 relief teams to assist those affected by potential floods.[88]

India is a country in South Asia that is bounded by the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal, while it shares land borders with Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan. India is also located within the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar and Indonesia. On average around 2 to 4 tropical cyclones impact India every year, while most of these tropical cyclones impact the east coast of Indian states of West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.

The West Coast of India is less prone to cyclones with one cyclone out of 2 to 4 hits the west coast with majority of them attacking the state of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala.[1][3]

A cyclone had formed near the Laccadive Islands on May 24, 555 kilometres (345 mi) west of southern India. The SS Mergui encountered the cyclone off the Horn of Africa, 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Socotra on June 1 and reported it stronger than the tropical cyclone which struck Calcutta in 1864. Just before midnight on the night of June 1, the Diomed reported winds of hurricane force and a pressure of 984 millibars (29.1 inHg). The ship Peshawar reported a westerly hurricane at the east end of the Gulf of Aden towards midnight on the night of June 2. At noon on June 3, the Tantallon reported a pressure of 943 millibars (27.8 inHg) near 12.5N 45.5E. On June 3, the German corvette Augusta, the French dispatch boat Renard, and the British ship SS Speke Hall were lost in the storm in the Gulf of Aden. The system continued westward and shrank in scale as it moved into the entrance of the Red Sea, crossing the coast of Djibouti. It became the first North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone in recorded history to transit the gulf of Aden with fully hurricane intensity and held the record of westernmost landfalling North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone ever and also the only recorded tropical cyclone to make landfall in the nation of Djibouti.[7]

The season was above average with seventeen depressions forming. Out of them, six cyclones formed with four making landfall in India. The season includes the first Super Cyclonic Storm to be recorded in the satellite era.

The season was above average with six cyclones forming with three making landfall over India. The season includes a Super Cyclonic Storm which later became the most intense to make landfall at Andhra Pradesh. The season includes two simultaneous cyclones on either side of the North Indian Ocean basin (Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea) at a same time which became the first instance of such incident. The next time this would happen would be in 2018.

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming and two making landfall over India. The season includes the powerful cyclone to hit Sri Lanka in the month of November and second year in a row to have a Super Cyclonic Storm.

The season was below average with two cyclones forming and one making landfall over India. The season includes one basin crossover from the West Pacific Ocean named as Tropical Storm Kim as a Deep Depression but haven't intensified further in the basin.

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming and three making landfall over India. The season includes the first recorded cyclone to make landfall at Somalia and became the westernmost landfall of a North Indian Ocean cyclone until 2018 Cyclone Sagar. be457b7860

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