SAQ

Examples of responses to (a) that would earn credit:

NOTE: Responses must specifically explain how the perspective expressed by the artist is related to the role of government and may not merely describe the content of the cartoon.

• Public expectations changed concerning the role of government in regulating health and safety issues, especially the meat industry; many people thought the government should extend or enlarge its role in protecting the health and welfare of citizens.

• Government, particularly the president and Congress, should take a more active, if sometimes reluctant, role in regulating the economy.

• President and Congress resisted being goaded into reform, as demonstrated by Theodore Roosevelt’s hesitant, nose-holding stance and his walking out on the plank over the vat of rotten meat and “scandal.”

• Theodore Roosevelt’s response to these and other reform issues was an important turning point concerning the role of presidential power.

• A perceptive response might note that the artist has a certain degree of skepticism of the role of muckraking journalists (an attitude shared by the subject of the illustration, Theodore Roosevelt).

Examples of responses to (b) that would earn credit:

NOTE: The response must explain an event or development that is a cause of the situation depicted in the image.

• The rise of Progressive Era health, safety, and workplace concerns.

• Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle exemplified muckraking related to this issue.

• The tradition of laissez-faire government and weak or no regulation of food or business.

• Industrialization of agriculture and the meat industry.

• Muckrakers such as Ida Tarbell, McClure’s Magazine exposed problems to the public.

• General muckraking journalism attacked businesses for putting profit before the public interest.

Examples of responses to (c) that would earn credit:

NOTE: The response must provide a new concept or an elaboration of a concept addressed earlier, not just a repetition or inversion of (a) or (b).

• The passage of Meat Inspection Act, 1906 and Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906 (FDA).

• The rise of specific Progressive Era health, safety, and workplace reforms.

• The government took a more proactive, if still reluctant, role in protecting consumers.

• The regulatory role of the government became more legitimate, undercutting the doctrine of laissez faire.

• Roosevelt used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to dismantle “bad trusts.”

• Roosevelt advocated for his Square Deal and the three Cs (control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources).

• Trust-busting continued into Taft and Wilson administrations.

• The enactment of state and federal child labor laws in response to the issues depicted in the image.

• Woodrow Wilson Administration efforts to regulate economy and business (e.g., Clayton Anti-Trust Act, creation of the Federal Reserve, creation of the income tax).

The response accomplishes all three of the tasks set by the question.

Task A: Describes one specific historical difference between the United States reaction to international events following the First World War (1919–1930) and following the Second World War (1945–1960)

NOTE: Credited responses for A, B, and C must explicitly address international events following both the First and Second World Wars.

Some examples that would earn credit, with appropriate elaboration, include:

· The United States embraced isolationism following the First World War compared to after the Second World War when the United States embraced internationalism.

· After the First World War, the United States reduced the size of the military compared to after the Second World War when the United States increased military spending.

· The United States became more inward-looking (focused on domestic issues) after the First World War compared to after the Second World War when the United States attempted to expand its cultural influence abroad.

Task B: Describes one specific historical similarity between the United States reaction to international events following the First World War and following the Second World War

Some examples that would earn credit, with appropriate elaboration, include:

· The United States promoted international institutions such as the League of Nations, the UN, and NATO after both the First and Second World Wars.

· The United States pushed for formal international agreements after both the First and Second World Wars (e.g., the Washington Naval Treaty (may refer to Four, Five and/or Nine Power treaties instead) (1922), the North Atlantic Treaty (1949)).

· The United States encouraged increased international trade after both the First and Second World Wars.

· American firms benefitted from international munitions sales in each war that bolstered the economy in the postwar.

· The United States engaged in efforts to rebuild postwar Europe (e.g., Dawes/Young plans, Marshall Plan).

· American suspicion of foreign influences (red scares against communism, anti-immigrant attitudes, and/or nativism) followed both the First and Second World Wars.

Task C: Explains one specific historical reason for a difference between the United States reaction to international events following the First World War and following the Second World War

Some examples that would earn credit, with appropriate elaboration, include:

· Because the United States was not attacked by a foreign country on domestic soil during First World War compared to the Second World War (i.e., Pearl Harbor), Americans became more disillusioned with the participation in the First World War compared to the Second World War.

· Because the United States was not attacked by a foreign country on domestic soil during First World War compared to the Second World War (i.e., Pearl Harbor), Americans became more engaged overseas in preventing future conflicts after the Second World War.

· Because of the onset of the Cold War at the conclusion of the Second World War, the United States committed to an internationalist stance unlike after the First World War, especially with regard to the containment of communism (e.g., Truman Doctrine, Korean War).

· Because of the onset of the Cold War at the conclusion of the Second World War, the United States (and later the Soviet Union’s) possession of nuclear weapons compelled the United States to assume international responsibilities to which the end of the First World War did not contribute.

· Because many Americans did not have long-term exposure to the horrors of the conflict of the First World War (e.g., trench warfare, industrial war) compared to the horrors exposed to the American public and United States soldiers (e.g., Holocaust, total war) during the Second World War, Americans were more willing to return to traditional isolationism from foreign entanglements.

· Because many Americans did not have long-term exposure to the horrors of the conflict of the First World War (e.g., trench warfare, industrial war) compared to the horrors exposed to the American public and United States soldiers (e.g., Holocaust, total war) during the Second World War, the United States was more committed to preventing the recurrence of warfare through international alliances after the Second World War.

· Because Americans blamed withdrawal from international affairs for the outbreak of the Second World War, the United States led the effort to form the United Nations after the Second World War, unlike the growth of isolationist sentiment after the First World War.

· Because Americans blamed withdrawal from international affairs for the outbreak of the Second World War, Americans were more accepting of joining international organizations after the Second World War compared to the First World War.

1. a) The artists expresses the notion that government should be increasingly involved with society by actively investigating in scandals and injustice within society.

b) Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle led to the historical situation depicted in the image. This book documented the horrendous and repugnant conditions in the meatpacking industry that exposed the corruption in the industry while advocating for increased governmental intervention.

c) An outcome of the Progressive Era would be the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act that prohibited the sale of adulterated or mislabeled foods and increased governmental intervention in the meatpacking industry.

2. a) Leuchtenburg mostly lauds the New Deal as it has revolutionized the role of government through expanding governmental expansion with citizen's welfare. Biles mainly criticizes the New Deal since he believes that the New Deal was ineffective in recovering the United States economy since capitalism remained intact and no change was implemented to successfully bring the United States out of the depression.

b) The Public Works Administration could be used to expand Leuchtenburg's argument because this effectively expanded employment for American citizens during the depression through hiring them on federal projects such as building public parks. This helped decrease unemployment while the federal government expanded its role to coordinate public works.

c) The Agricultural Adjustment Administration could be used to support Biles' argument as this administration was largely ineffective. Although it aimed to coordinate farm prices through giving checks to farmers who limited production, it ultimately failed as it failed to provide enough welfare and then was eventually declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

3. a) Following the first World War, the United States pursued isolationism since they desired to avoid European conflicts, as evidenced in Congress' refusal to ratify the League of Nations. However, following WW2, the U.S. pursued more active interventionist approach in international affairs by accepting membership in the United Nations in order to prevent future conflicts.

b) A historical similarity is that both post-WWI and post WW2 did the United States pursue measures that would boost the American economy through giving aid to foreign countries that would support the war effort.

c) One reason for the difference between the reaction to international events is due to the Red Scare and fear of repeated imperialism in Europe and Asia. Following the Bolshevik revolution that was near WW1, there was a short wave of the Red Scare. However, after world war 2, the Soviet Union's desire to spread communism in Eastern Europe alarmed the Americans, which pulled the U.S. out of its traditional post-war isolationist policy and pushed them into increased involvement in foreign affairs.