Appalachia is a very diverse place. Though shown in popular depictions as being completely white, we have a historical Native American population and 10% of the population is African-American. With this diversity comes variations in the dialect of Appalachians, and variations in the dialects of Appalachians abroad.

Pittsburghese has many of the common Appalachian features, with some oddities, such as "ou" as in "house" being pronounced like "ah," so "down town" becomes like "dahn tahn."

There was a person on my Facebook group from New York, they claimed to speak a variety of Appalachian English, living in the Adirondacks mountains, and using various Appalachian words and pronunciations.

African-American Appalachians, also known as Affrilachians, have a diverse array of varieties, that exist on a continuum from Appalachian English as spoken by whites to African-American Vernacular English.

Ozarks English may be considered a dialect of Appalachian English, though they have been separate dialects for around 150 years.

There is some difference between the regional speech of Virginia & Kentucky, and that regional speech in Tennessee and North Carolina.

Phonemic Incidence in Appalachian English:

1. Words like union, united, and universe become nunion, nunited, and nuniverse.

2. Words like daughter, water and wash become dorter, worter, and worsh.

3. Words like garden, guard, and card become gyarden, gyard, and cyard.

4. Words like ear, earth, and earn become yer, yerth and yern.

5. Words like class, dose, and once become clast, dost, and onced.

6. Words like spoil, boil, and poison are instead spile, bile, and pizen.

7. Honor and honest are said as they are spelled. It and ain't, when emphasized, become hit and hain't.

8. Words like this and that become iss and at.

9. Words like hand and land become han and lan.

10. Words like language, always, and was become langidge, allus, and uzz.

11. Words like accident, government and parliament become axy dint, govern mint, and parley mint.

12. Words like plant, dance, and can't become plaint, daince, and cain't.

13. 13. Words like haunt, saunter, and aunt become haint, sainter, and aint.

14. Words like camera, okra, and opera become camry, okry, and opry.

15. Words like tobacco, fellow, and window become backer, feller and winder.

16. Words like fire, dire, and admire become far, dar, and admar.

17. Words like gem, pen, and intend become jim, pin and intind.

18. Words like isn't, doesn't and wasn't become idn't, dudn't, and wadn't [these may in turn become itn't, dutn't, and wutn't.]

19. Words like didn't, couldn't, and wouldn't become ditn't, coultn't, and woultn't.

20. Words like eleven, seven, and heaven become lebbin, sebbin, and hebbin.

21. Words like flour, power, and our become ~flare, pair, and air [our may also be pronounced like aur or ur].

22. Words like thing, sing and ring become thang, sang, and rang.

23. Words like bear, care, and there become bar, kir, and thur.

24. Words like microphone, and microwave become mikerphone and mikerwave.

25. Words like fill and fell become feel and fail (and vice versa).

26. Voiced stops become devoiced at the end of words, resulting in kid, bag, and cob sounding similar to (but not exactly the same) kit, back, and cop.

1. If a demonstrative adjective is used, then "there" or "here" may follow it.

2. If a deontic modal follows an epistemic modal, then it is to be interpreted as an infinitive.

3. If a double comparative or a double superlative occurs, then it indicates greater intensity.

4. If a multisyllable adjective is in its superlative form, then it can take the -est ending, and "most" being used as an adverb is unnecessary.

5. If a noun ends in -f, then the plural form is not changed to -ves, but remains -fs.

6. If a noun ends in -s or a similar consonant, then it will be interpreted as plural.

7. If a noun ends in -sk, -st, or -sp, then it will use the syllabic -es suffix in the plural.

8. If a noun expressing a type of measurement or quantity is precedeed by a numeral, then plural -s may be absent.

9. If a noun is irregular in standard English, it may be regularized in Appalachian English.

10. If a noun is more frequently used in the plural form, then it may take a redundant plural -s.

11. If a noun representing a game animal is used in the plural, then plural -s may be absent.

12. If a phrase uses "exclusive or," then "one" will be placed after it.

13. If a present participle verb takes the -est suffix, then it creates an adjective that indicates that the affected noun is the best at doing the action or that the affected noun does the action the most.

14. If a pronoun is used in a conjunctive phrase, then the objective form will be used.

15. If a pronoun is used in the personal dative construction, then the reflexive form will be preferred.

16. If a strong verb changes from -ow in the present to -ew in the past, then it will be regularized to -ow in the present and -owed in the past.

17. If a strong verb has -ing as its rhyme in the present, then in the past the rhyme will become -ung.

18. If a strong verb has the "eye" vowel in the present, then in the past that vowel will become the vowel in "knit."

19. If a verb ends in -st then it will use the syllabic -es suffix instead of the non-syllabic -s suffix.

20. If a verb ends with -l or -n, then the past tense suffix is -t.

21. If a verb express a stative mental activity, then it will be expressed with the progressive aspect.

22. If a verb expresses the historical present, then -s may be suffixed onto it, regardless of person.

23. If a verb is in the past or past participle form and expresses a completed action then "done" may precede it.

24. If a verb is in the present tense and agrees with anything other than a pronoun that is not a third person singular pronoun, then it may take the suffix -s.

25. If a verb phrase such as "needs/wants/likes to be Xed/Xing" occurs, then "to be" will be absent.

26. If a verb relating to a sense is used, then "of" may precede the object.

27. If an existential clause occurs in a sentence, the sub-clause marker may be dropped.

28. If an indirect question is quoted, then it follows interrogative syntax, rather than declarative syntax.

29. If an interrogative pronoun, personal pronoun, or noun refers to a large collective, then "all" may occur after the word.

30. If have/has precedes "been," then it may be omitted.

31. If the clause which "liketa" (which means "almost" or "nearly") affects did not occur, only then may "liketa" be used.

32. If the prefixed word has initial stress, only then may a-prefixing occur.

33. If the prefixed word is a certain part of speech (participle verbs/non-participial predicate adjectives/prepositions/adverbs formed with "on"), only then may a-prefixing occur.

34. If the reflexive form of "him" and "them" needs to be expressed, then -self will be added onto the possessive form of the pronoun, rather than the objective.

35. If the sentence has multiple negatives an a negative subject as a result of this, the auxiliary verb will be fronted.

36. If the sentence is in the subjunctive mood, the auxiliary verb may be fronted.

37. If the verb "to be" is agreeing with the pronoun "(h)it," then it may be either "is" or "are."

38. If there is a sequence of multiple prepositions following a verb of movement, then it describes the movement in greater detail.

39. If there is a verb phrase with an auxiliary verb, an adverb may divide the auxiliary verb and the main verb.

40. If two or more prepositions occur in a clause, then any prepositions after the first may be omitted.