resources
Recommended sources for researchers and advocates
The APAPA Secretariat recommends the following publications on alcohol policy and epidemiological research.
The list is not exhaustive, and more references about alcohol policy in the sub-regions and specific countries in the Asia Pacific will be added.
For those that are not open-access, please reach out to APAPA for access.
global research
Latest research:
Liu Y, Sun Z, Wang Q. et al. (2023) Contribution of alcohol use to the global burden of cirrhosis and liver cancer from 1990 to 2019 and projections to 2044. Hepatol Int 17, 1028–1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-023-10503-2
Liu Y, Sun Z, Wang Q. et al. (2023) Contribution of alcohol use to the global burden of cirrhosis and liver cancer from 1990 to 2019 and projections to 2044. Hepatol Int 17, 1028–1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-023-10503-2
Babor T, Casswell S, Graham K, et al., (2022) Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity: Research and Public Policy (3rd edition). Oxford University Press.
GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators. (2022) Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020. The Lancet. 16 July 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00847-9
Jayathilaka R, Athukorala O, Ishara S, Silva D, Pathirage T (2022) Alcohol brings burdens: A global and continent-wise study on alcohol consumption and global burden of diseases. PLOS ONE 17(7): e0270998. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270998
Xu, Yuanwei et al. (2022). The socioeconomic gradient of alcohol use: an analysis of nationally representative survey data from 55 low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet Global Health, Volume 10, Issue 9, e1268 - e1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00273-X
Yoo JE, Han K, Shin DW, et al. (2022). Association Between Changes in Alcohol Consumption and Cancer Risk. JAMA Netw Open 5(8):e2228544. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.28544
GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators. (2018) Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 23 Aug 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2
regional research: epidemiology
Latest research: Yoo, JJ., Lee, D.H., Chang, Y. et al. Trends in alcohol use and alcoholic liver disease in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. BMC Public Health 24, 1841 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19321-z
Epidemiological Research
Yoo, JJ., Lee, D.H., Chang, Y. et al. Trends in alcohol use and alcoholic liver disease in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. BMC Public Health 24, 1841 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19321-z
Sornpaisarn B, Shield K, Manthey J, Limmade Y, Low WY, Thang VV, Rehm J. (2020). Alcohol consumption and attributable harm in middle-income South-East Asian countries: Epidemiology and policy options. International Journal of Drug Policy 83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102856
Hong, S. A., & Peltzer, K. (2019). Early Adolescent Patterns of Alcohol and Tobacco Use in Eight Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Member States. Substance use & misuse, 54(2), 288–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2018.1517797
Ataera-Minster, J., Guiney, H., & Cook, S. (2020). Taeao Malama: Alcohol use in Pacific peoples. Results from the New Zealand Health Survey & Attitudes and Behaviour towards Alcohol Survey. Wellington: Te Hiringa Hauora/Health Promotion Agency.
regional research: DETERMINANTS OF ALCOHOL USE
Latest research:
Belay, G. M., Lam, K. K., Liu, Q., Wu, C. S., Mak, Y. W., & Ho, K. Y. (2023). Magnitude and determinants of alcohol use disorder among adult population in East Asian countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1144012. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1144012
Belay, G. M., Lam, K. K., Liu, Q., Wu, C. S., Mak, Y. W., & Ho, K. Y. (2023). Magnitude and determinants of alcohol use disorder among adult population in East Asian countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1144012. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1144012
Athauda LK, Peiris-John R, Ameratunga S, McCool J, Wickremasinghe R. (2020). Factors influencing alcohol use among adolescents in South Asia: A Systematic Review. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 81(5). https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2020.81.529
Yi, S., Ngin, C., Peltzer, K. et al. (2017). Health and behavioral factors associated with binge drinking among university students in nine ASEAN countries. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 12, 32 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-017-0117-2
economic cost of alcohol
Latest research: Luangsinsiri, C., Thavorncharoensap, M., Chaikledkaew, U., Pattanaprateep, O., Sornpaisarn, B., & Rehm, J. (2024). Lifetime costs of alcohol consumption in Thailand: protocol for an incidence-based cost-of-illness study using Markov model. BMJ open, 14(4), e079829. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079829
Luangsinsiri, C., Thavorncharoensap, M., Chaikledkaew, U., Pattanaprateep, O., Sornpaisarn, B., & Rehm, J. (2024). Lifetime costs of alcohol consumption in Thailand: protocol for an incidence-based cost-of-illness study using Markov model. BMJ open, 14(4), e079829. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079829
Luangsinsiri, C., Youngkong, S., Chaikledkaew, U., Pattanaprateep, O., & Thavorncharoensap, M. (2023). Economic costs of alcohol consumption in Thailand, 2021. Global health research and policy, 8(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-023-00335-w
Manthey, J., Hassan, S.A., Carr, S. et al. (2021) What are the Economic Costs to Society Attributable to Alcohol Use? A Systematic Review and Modelling Study. PharmacoEconomics 39, 809–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-021-01031-8
Han, M., Tran, B. T., Cho, H., & Oh, J. K. (2020). Economic burden of alcohol-related cancers in the Republic of Korea. Drug and alcohol dependence, 217, 108295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108295
Jyani, G., Prinja, S., Ambekar, A., Bahuguna, P., & Kumar, R. (2019). Health impact and economic burden of alcohol consumption in India. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 69, 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.005
POLICY RESEARCH
Latest research: Saengow U, Patanavanich R, Suriyawongpaisal P, et al. (2024). The effect of an annual temporary abstinence campaign on population-level alcohol consumption in Thailand: a time-series analysis of 23 years. BMJ Global Health 9:e014428. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014428
Yu J, Dong D, Sumerlin TS, Kim JH. (2023). Feasibility of introducing effective alcohol harms reduction strategies in a low regulation region: A qualitative study from Hong Kong. Health Policy, 138, 104920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2023.104920
Sornpaisarn, B., Limmade, Y., Pengpid, S. et al. (2023). Assessing data availability of NCD prevention and control in six ASEAN countries based on WHO global monitoring framework and the progress monitor indicators. BMC Public Health 23, 272. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15165-1
Amul GGH and Etter JF. (2022). Comparing Tobacco and Alcohol Policies From a Health Systems Perspective: The Cases of the Philippines and Singapore. International Journal of Public Health 67:1605050 https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1605050
Hoe C, Weiger C, & Cohen JE. (2022). Understanding why collective action resulted in greater advances for tobacco control as compared to alcohol control during the Philippines’ Sin Tax Reform: A qualitative study. BMJ Open, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054060
Casswell, S. (2022). Development of Alcohol Control Policy in Vietnam: Transnational Corporate Interests at the Policy Table, Global Public Health Largely Absent. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 11(12), 3032-3039. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2022.6625
Athauda L, Peiris-John R, McCool J, Wickremasinghe R, & Ameratunga S. (2022). The alcohol marketing policy environment and adolescent drinking in Sri Lanka: A qualitative exploration of stakeholder perspectives. World Medical & Health Policy, 14(3), 544-559. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.471
Liu S, Huang F, Zhu X, Zhou S, Si X, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Casswell S. (2021). China’s Changing Alcohol Market and Need for an Enhanced Policy Response: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 5866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105866
Martin R. (2022). The Romanticism of Alcoholic Beverage Regulation in Indonesia: Evidence of Legal Uncertainty. Sriwijaya Law Review 6(2): 336-249. http://repository.unida.ac.id/2060/
Amul GGH. (2020). Alcohol Advertising, Promotion, and Sponsorship: A Review of Regulatory Policies in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 81(6): 697-709. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2020.81.697 [Please reach out to the author for access to the full-text]
Sornpaisarn B, Rehm J. (2020). Strategies used to initiate the first alcohol control law in Thailand: Lessons learned for other low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Drug Policy 86: 102975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102975
Markchang, K., Chaiyasong, S., Trairatananusorn, R., & Pitayarangsarit, S. (2019). Alcohol Legislation and Policy in CLMV Countries. International Health Policy Program, 13(1), 23-33. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kamolphat-Markchang/publication/333972314_Alcohol_Legislation_and_Policy_in_CLMV_Countries/links/5d105b62a6fdcc2462a030e4/Alcohol-Legislation-and-Policy-in-CLMV-Countries.pdf
Kaewpramkusol R, Senior K, Nanthamongkolchai S, & Chenhall R. (2018). A qualitative exploration of the Thai alcohol policy in regulating alcohol industry's marketing strategies and commercial activities. Drug and Alcohol Review, 38(1), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12885
Jiang, H., Xiang, X., Hao, W. et al. (2018). Measuring and preventing alcohol use and related harm among young people in Asian countries: a thematic review. Glob Health Res Policy 3, 14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-018-0070-2
Casswell S., Morojele N, Williams PP, Chaiyasong S, Gordon, R, Gray-Phillip G, Cuong PV, MacKintosh M, Halliday S, Railton R, Randerson S, Parry CDH. (2018) The Alcohol Environment Protocol: A new tool for alcohol policy. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37: S18-S26. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12654
research on the alcohol industry
Latest research: Amul GGH and Etter JF. (2023). Examining the power of the alcohol and tobacco industries in policymaking: Lessons and challenges for the Philippines and Singapore. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.417
Amul GGH and Etter JF. (2023). Examining the power of the alcohol and tobacco industries in policymaking: Lessons and challenges for the Philippines and Singapore. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.417
Chambers P. Nuangjamnong N. (2023). Beer in East Asia: A Political Economy. Taylor and Francis.
Padalhin N, Villena MF. (2020). Protecting road safety in the Philippines from alcohol industry interference. UP CIDS Policy Brief 2020-03. https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/UP-CIDS-Policy-Brief-2020-03.pdf
Robaina, K; Babor, T; Pinksy, I; and Johns, P; (2020) The alcohol industry’s commercial and political activities in Latin America and the Caribbean: Implications for public health. NCD Alliance, Global Alcohol Policy Alliance, Healthy Latin America Coalition, and Healthy Caribbean Coalition.
Sornpaisarn B, Kaewmungkun C. (2014) Politics of alcohol taxation system in Thailand: behaviours of three major alcohol companies from 1992 to 2012. IJADR 3(3):210. https://ijadr.org/index.php/ijadr/article/view/155
Yoon S, Lam TH. (2012). The alcohol industry lobby and Hong Kong’s zero wine and beer tax policy. BMC Public Health 12, 717. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-717
policy briefs
Latest: World Health Organization. (2024). Gender-responsive approaches to the acceptability, availability and affordability of alcohol. Snapshot series on alcohol policies and practice Brief 13. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240090125
World Health Organization. (2024). Gender-responsive approaches to the acceptability, availability and affordability of alcohol. Snapshot series on alcohol policies and practice Brief 13. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240090125
World Health Organization (2023). A health promotion approach for reducing youth exposure to alcogenic environments. Snapshot series on alcohol policies and practice Brief 12. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240073296
World Health Organization (2023). A public health perspective on zero- and low-alcohol beverages. Snapshot series on alcohol control policies and practice Brief 10. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240072152
World Health Organization. (2022). Policy response to alcohol consumption and tobacco use during the COVID-19 pandemic in the WHO Southeast Asia Region: Preparedness for future pandemic events. Snapshot series on alcohol control policies and practice Brief 7. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240057043
World Health Organization. (2021). Population-wide interventions for reducing alcohol consumption: What does the per capita consumption indicator say? Snapshot series on alcohol control policies and practice Brief 5. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240044425
World Health Organization (2021). Addressing and managing conflicts of interest in alcohol control policies. Snapshot series on alcohol control policies and practice Brief 3. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240044487
reports
Latest report: World Health Organization. (2024). Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders. (See key findings on the Asia Pacific below)
- World Health Organization. (2023) Global report on the use of alcohol taxes.
World Health Organization. (2022). Reducing the harm from alcohol by regulating cross-border alcohol marketing, advertising and promotion.
Full report: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240046504
Executive Summary. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MSD-UCN-ADA-22-01
NCD Alliance and the SPECTRUM Consortium. (2020). Signalling Virtue, Promoting Harm: Unhealthy Commodity Industries and COVID-19. https://ncdalliance.org/resources/signalling-virtue-promoting-harm
World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. (2019). Making South-East Asia SAFER from alcohol-related harm: Current status and way forward. World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/326535.
World Health Organization. (2018) Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018.
Recommended open-access (2024)
Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders
Key findings about the Western Pacific region:
In the Western Pacific region, more than 60% of adults consume alcohol (See p.32).
The Western Pacific region had the highest variability of drinking levels over the past decades, mainly driven by China. Increases until 2015 can be attributed to economic growth, while a sharp decline after 2016 can be attributed to new laws and regulations. A marked decrease in alcohol consumption was also observable during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic (See p.38).
The change in alcohol per capita consumption was the greatest for the Western Pacific region, where the alcohol per capita consumption decreased by 16.4% from 6.1 to 5.1 liters per adult (See p.30).
In the Western Pacific and Southeast Asia regions, the prevalence of current drinkers increased by 22.2% (from 30.2% to 36.9% of persons aged 15 to 19 years) and 25.9% (from 8.9% to 11.2% of persons aged 15-19 years) (See p. 41).
The proportions of deaths attributable to alcohol consumption were highest among those aged 20-24 years in the Region of the Americans and the Western Pacific Region, while these proportions were highest among those aged 30-34 years in the European and Southeast Asia regions (See p.59).
recommended open-access (2023)
Alcohol: No Ordinary commodity: Research and public policy (3rd edition)
The third edition of Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity is an open-access resource funded by the Norwegian Directorate of Health. The e-book can be downloaded from the Oxford University Press here.
Relevance to Alcohol Policy: The third edition offers insights into the global impact of alcohol misuse, the state of alcohol policy research, and the effectiveness of 69 different strategies and interventions that have been scientifically evaluated.
The authors of this compendium have also published a summary of the third edition as a journal article. You can read the journal article here. Below is an excerpt from the journal article:
Key Findings
An extensive amount of epidemiological evidence shows that alcohol is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, disability and death in high-, middle- and low-income countries. Trends in alcohol products and marketing are described, indicating that a large part of the global industry has been consolidated into a small number of transnational corporations that are expanding their operations in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The main part of the book is devoted to a review of strategies and interventions designed to prevent or minimize alcohol-related harm. Overall, the most effective strategies to protect public health are taxation that decreases affordability and restrictions on the physical availability of alcohol. A total ban on alcohol marketing is also an effective strategy to reduce consumption. In addition, drink-driving counter-measures, brief interventions with at-risk drinkers and treatment of drinkers with alcohol dependence are effective in preventing harm in high-risk contexts and groups of hazardous drinkers.
Recommended citation: Babor, TF, Casswell, S, Graham, K, Huckle, T, Livingston, M, Rehm, J, et al. Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity—a summary of the third edition. Addiction. 2022; 117( 12): 3024– 3036. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16003