1948

Shelley vs. Kraemer Case

1946

Walter McAfee

~~~~~

"Tensions ran so high that 350 colored residents of Groveland had been evacuated to Orlando, where the Red Cross, the Salvation Army, and colored and white churches put them up."

(Wilkerson, 2010, pg. 323-324)

~~~~~

"In Louisiana in the 1930s, white teachers and principals were making an average salary of $1,165 a year. Colored teachers and principals were making $499 a year, forty-three percent of what the white ones were." (Wilkerson, 2010, pg. 85)

~~~~~

Austin, TX

"Unable to legislate explicit segregation, the master plan proposed creating an 'incentive to draw the negro population to this [Eastside area].' The incentive was to relocate segregated schools and other public services for African Americans to Austin's Eastside. These actions were effective, and soon almost all African Americans in Austin had moved East. For example, in 1930, the integrated neighborhood of Wheatsville had an African American population of 16 percent. In 1932, its segregated school for African American pupils was shut down, and by 1950 the community's African American population was 1 percent." (Rothstein, 2017, pg. 132)

1920s

"Money rarely changed hands between planter and sharecropper, as the entire system was built on credit. The sharecroppers owed the planters, the planters owed the merchants, the merchants owed the banks, and the banks were often beholden to some business concern in the North, where most of the real money was in the first place." (Wilkerson, 2010, pg 96)

~~~~~

1850

1848

1839

"Florida went farther than some other slave states in the creativity of its repression: Slaves could not gather together to pray. They couldn't leave their plantations, even for a walk, without written permission from their owner... The few free blacks in the state had to register with the nearest probate court or could be automatically enslaved by any white person who stepped forward to claim possession." (Wilkerson, 2010, pg. 58)

1831

Beginning in 1830

Trail of Tears

1829

1811

1804

"When Lewis and Clark began their trek up the Missouri River in 1804, ethnologist Dale Lott has observed, they beheld 'not a wilderness but a vast pasture managed by and for Native Americans.' Native Americans created the world's largest gardens and grazing lands - and thrived."

(Dunbar-Ortiz, 2015, p. 28)

1781

"The Moorish Nation and the Sephardic Jewish minority were conquered and physically deported by the Castilian/Aragon monarchy from the Iberian Peninsula -- a longterm project culminating in group expulsions beginning in 1942, the year Columbus sailed to America."

(Dunbar-Ortiz, 2014, p. 33)

"Oren Lyons, who holds the title of Faithkeeper of the Turtle Clan and is a member of the Onondaga Council of Chiefs, explains the essence of that constitution: 'The first principle is peace. The second principle, equity, justice for the people. And third, the power of the good minds, of the collective powers to be of one mind: unity. And health. All of these were involved in the basic principles. And the process of discussion, putting aside warfare as a method of reaching decisions, and now using intellect.'"

(Dunbar-Ortiz, 2014, p. 26)

From the scholar David Wade Chambers...

"The first thing to note about early Native American trails and road is that they were not just paths in the woods following along animal tracks used mainly for hunting. Neither can they be characterized simply as the routes that nomadic peoples followed during seasonal migrations. Rather they constituted an extensive system of roadways that spanned the Americas, making possible short, medium and long distance travel. That is to say, the Pre-Columbian Americas were laced together with a complex system of roads and paths which became the roadways adopted by the early settlers and indeed were ultimately transformed into major highways."

(Dunbar-Ortiz, 2014, p.29)