Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.


Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents.  Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra.


Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, Antarctica was only first sighted in 1820, by the Russian expedition of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny, who sighted the Fimbul ice shelf. The continent, however, remained largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation.


Antarctica is a de facto condominium, governed by parties to the Antarctic Treaty System that have consulting status. Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959, and thirty-eight have signed it since then. The treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supports scientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations.


Antarctica for Antarctica https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?hl=en&mid=1fbrfOV6p727qauJLfRf5v7g_E6A&ll=-56.84610768065365%2C49.20604550000007&z=3

Antarctica for Antarctica https://goo.gl/maps/Idtz8

https://www.google.co.th/maps/contrib/111071375087731116073/@-48.8256962,25.9021784,16649251m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en

Bouvet Island https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?hl=en&mid=1iZ2MiYSK-s_gcSKnOFiqJp8fcEw&ll=-54.420791476255715%2C3.3464496999999938&z=18

Bouvet Island https://www.google.co.th/maps/@-54.4207915,3.3464497,328m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!6m1!1szdxOWmJyr8q4.k7z-6CSAdXqA?hl=en

https://www.google.co.th/maps/contrib/111071375087731116073/photos/@-54.420395,3.289541,12z

French Southern and Antarctic Lands https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?hl=en&mid=1Ql0XfNsICGqt1t2aQjg-gBRrjqU&ll=-49.31460988192086%2C69.78328045&z=11

French Southern and Antarctic Lands

https://www.google.co.th/maps/@-59.0087963,61.0930102,5726629m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!6m1!1s1Ql0XfNsICGqt1t2aQjg-gBRrjqU

https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?hl=en&hl=en&authuser=0&authuser=0&mid=zdxOWmJyr8q4.khAo9zWkfkvw

Heard Island and McDonald Islands https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?hl=en&mid=1V3nVQz1dfJbgz56wbQaAm697qmY&ll=-53.08180997590306%2C73.50415799999996&z=18

Heard Island and McDonald Islands

https://www.google.co.th/maps/@-61.7374092,31.8777118,6906460m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!6m1!1s1V3nVQz1dfJbgz56wbQaAm697qmY

https://mapsengine.google.com/map/edit?hl=en&hl=en&authuser=0&authuser=0&mid=zdxOWmJyr8q4.khM4Ey0uLt3E

https://www.google.co.th/maps/contrib/111071375087731116073/photos/@-53.0762933,73.3735789,11z

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?hl=en&mid=1ptsKwzEVbyYI5PolVE1BEw7OzM0&ll=-54.35638241391836%2C-36.54082199999999&z=12

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

https://www.google.co.th/maps/@-66.4152136,-63.665158,5483333m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!6m1!1s1ptsKwzEVbyYI5PolVE1BEw7OzM0

https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?hl=en&hl=en&authuser=0&authuser=0&mid=zdxOWmJyr8q4.ke2nliEKJ9vY

https://www.google.co.th/maps/contrib/111071375087731116073/photos/@-54.4313784,-38.10789,8z

Antarctica Project
Antarctica Project

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