3D integration plays a crucial role in the semiconductor industry, as it significantly boosts chip density while reducing the length of interconnections. In particular, monolithic 3D (M3D) technology, which involves the sequential fabrication of top devices over the bottom devices, allows for high integration density compared to Through Silicon Via (TSV) technology. We develop 3D-integrated logic and memory devices based on a Back-End-of-Line (BEOL) compatible process. These include complementary FET (CFET), 3D/4D DRAM, and 3D/4D NAND. Furthermore, we deploy 3D-integrated devices to various applications such as neuromorphic and quantum computing.

Bio-inspired computing (neuromorphic computing) can perform AI tasks with ultra-low power by mimicking the human brain that consumes only 20 W. To create neuromorphic hardware, it is essential to employ artificial neurons and synapses that mimic the functionalities of biological neural networks. We develop various neuron and synaptic devices, as well as perform system-level studies including algorithms. Furthermore, we develop diverse neuromorphic sensors that have both neuromorphic and sensory functions, enabling in-sensor computing for ultra-low power Internet of Things (IoT) sensors.

Quantum-inspired computing can efficiently solve combinatorial optimization problems that challenge conventional processors. Probabilistic computing uses p-bits, stochastic elements that fluctuate between 0 and 1, to efficiently explore solution spaces at room temperature, offering a practical alternative to quantum hardware. Similarly, Ising machines reformulate hard combinatorial tasks into spin models, where the collective dynamics naturally converge toward near-optimal solutions. By combining device-level innovations with system-level architectures, we create scalable, low-power platforms for quantum-inspired computing hardware.