Agriculture. D.L.R. acknowledges support of the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12014/12) and the Wellcome Trust (220977/Z/20/Z). S.J.A. acknowledges funding from the NIH (R01AI149693). W.B. receives support from the Wellcome Trust (Z/205100 and Z/200187), BBSRC (BB/S008292), and MRC (MR/W005611/1). M.F.B. acknowledges funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-005517). J.L.G. is supported by a New Zealand Royal Society Rutherford Discovery Fellowship (RDF-20-UOO-007). J.L.L. is supported by the NIH (R01AI141607 and R21AI139738) and the NSF (2029949). S.J.N. is supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellowship (WT098049AIA), the MRC, and the Huo Family Charitable Foundation 2. T.S. wasfunded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (P 28183). S.R.W. is supported by the NIH (R01AI140442, R01AI104887, R21AI138564, and R21AI157147), as well as the Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens. M.W. is supported by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV004212) and the Arizona Board of Regents. K.G.A. acknowledges support from the NIH (U19AI135995, U01AI151812, and UL1TR002550). R.F.G. is supported by the NIH (R01AI132223, R01AI132244, U19AI135995, U54HG007480, U19AI142790, and U01AI151812), the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (INTU1901 and ESEP1904), and the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2019LV-3053). A.R. acknowledges the support of the Wellcome Trust (Collaborators Award 206298/Z/17/Z-ARTIC network) and the European Research Council (725422-ReservoirDOCS). DECLARATION OF INTERESTS E.C.H. is an honorary visiting professor at Fudan University (Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center), Shanghai, China and, from 2014–2020, was a guest professor at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. These affiliations are only used in papers co-authored with Prof. Yong-Zhen Zhang (Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center) and involve no formal appointment, no duties, and no remuneration nor research funding. J.O.W. receives funding from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (ongoing) via grants and contracts to his institution unrelated to this research. S.R.W. consults for Immunome and Ocugen. A.R., A.L.R., M.F.B., S.A.G., and K.G.A. have received consulting fees and compensation for expert testimony on SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic. R.F.G. is co-founder of Zalgen Labs. SUPPORTING CITATIONS The following references appear in the supplemental information: Chen et al. (2021); Li (2018); Minh et al. (2020); Ren et al. (2020); Wu et al. (2020). REFERENCES Andersen, K.G., Rambaut, A., Lipkin, W.I., Holmes, E.C., and Garry, R.F. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Med. 26, 450–452. 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