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Food-borne botulism probably has accompanied mankind since its beginning. However, we have only few historical sources and documents on food poisoning before the 19th century. Some ancient dietary laws and taboos may reflect some knowledge about the life-threatening consumption of poisoned food. One example of such a dietary taboo is the 10th century edict of Emperor Leo VI of Byzantium in which manufacturing of blood sausages was forbidden. Some ancient case reports on intoxications with Atropa belladonna probably described patients with food-borne botulism, because the combination of dilated pupils and fatal muscle paralysis cannot be attributed to an atropine intoxication. At the end of the 18th century, some well-documented outbreaks of "sausage poisoning" in Southern Germany, especially in Wrttemberg, prompted early systematic botulinum toxin research. The German poet and district medical officer Justinus Kerner (1786-1862) published the first accurate and complete descriptions of the symptoms of food-borne botulism between 1817 and 1822. Kerner did not succeed in defining the suspected "biological poison" which he called "sausage poison" or "fatty poison." However, he developed the idea of a possible therapeutic use of the toxin. Eighty years after Kerner's work, in 1895, a botulism outbreak after a funeral dinner with smoked ham in the small Belgian village of Ellezelles led to the discovery of the pathogen Clostridium botulinum by Emile Pierre van Ermengem, Professor of bacteriology at the University of Ghent. The bacterium was so called because of its pathological association with the sausages (Latin word for sausage = "botulus") and not-as it was suggested-because of its shape. Modern botulinum toxin treatment was pioneered by Alan B. Scott and Edward J. Schantz.

The Ancient history of India is an crucial topic for the CSE exam. It is also an interesting topic while being a vast topic as well. The notes and topics in this article will help in candidate in cruising through the Ancient History of India segment with relative ease.

Ancient History Notes Pdf Download

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Although JM may have prepared the memorandum with the Annapolis convention in mind, its early adjournment for lack of attendance deprived him of the opportunity to make use of it at that meeting. Over the next twenty-one months, however, he would often turn to the notes in his speeches at the Philadelphia convention, the Virginia ratifying convention, and most notably in preparing several of his essays for The Federalist.

The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) is part of the National Archives. Through its grants program, the NHPRC supports a wide range of activities to preserve, publish, and encourage the use of documentary sources, relating to the history of the United States, and research and development projects to bring historical records to the public.

BHL operates as a worldwide consortium of natural history, botanical, research, and national libraries working together to digitize the natural history literature held in their collections and make it freely available for open access as part of a global "biodiversity community."

Restrictions: See the Scope and Content notes below. Access to records less than 25 years old may require permission in writing from the Black and Indian Mission Office, 2021 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20006-4207. Phone: (202) 331-8542. Website: Black and Indian Mission Office. Researchers assumes full responsibility for conforming with the laws of libel, privacy, and copyright which may be involved in the use of these records. Consult a Marquette archivist for further information.

Correspondence -- 1977-2007 -- Monsignor Paul A. Lenz: Correspondence of the sixth Executive Director of the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions, Monsignor Paul A. Lenz, and his Associate Director and Legislative Assistant, Reverend Theodore (Ted) F. Zuern, S.J. The bulk of the Bureau correspondence is arranged chronologically as general correspondence with undated notes and letters appearing at the end of each decade. Correspondence, applications, and reports pertaining to grant funding issued by the Bureau were separated and appear at the end of each year. Minutes of the combined annual and special meetings of the Boards of Directors of the BCIM (Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions), Collection (Commission for the Catholic Missions among the Colored People and the Indians) and CNAMB (Catholic Negro American Mission Board) are arranged in annual increments, which are interfiled among the annual increments of the general correspondence in the series 1-2.

Most manuscripts, photographic prints, drawings, and other artwork submitted for publication in The Indian Sentinel and Die Indianer-Wache are interfiled in other Bureau series as follows: manuscripts -- Series 1-1, photographic prints -- Series 9-1 and Series 9-3, drawings and other artwork -- Series 12. See the respective notes above and below for more information.

Both sub-series are arranged alphabetically by language and there under by title. Items using more than one language are arranged according to the first language used and undated items appear at the end of that language. In Sub-Series 8-1, materials added after 1985 appear at the end of the series according to the established pattern. Cross-referencing notes are included to facilitate navigation among all languages represented within the two sub-series. An asterisk (*) below indicate some items pertaining to that ethnic group but without use of their corresponding native language. Rather, English or instrumental music is employed.

Halloween is a holiday celebrated each year on October 31, and Halloween 2023 will occur on Tuesday, October 31. The tradition originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts. In the eighth century, Pope Gregory III designated November 1 as a time to honor all saints. Soon, All Saints Day incorporated some of the traditions of Samhain. The evening before was known as All Hallows Eve, and later Halloween. Over time, Halloween evolved into a day of activities like trick-or-treating, carving jack-o-lanterns, festive gatherings, donning costumes and eating treats.

We try not to walk under ladders for the same reason. This superstition may have come from the ancient Egyptians, who believed that triangles were sacred (it also may have something to do with the fact that walking under a leaning ladder tends to be fairly unsafe). And around Halloween, especially, we try to avoid breaking mirrors, stepping on cracks in the road or spilling salt.

Considering the bodily constitution, pathological history, the Dosha characteristics, life style and environmental conditions in an individual's routine life style, Ayurveda has many treatment strategies for promoting well-being to individuals.19, 20

Yoga originated in India in ancient times. Through its therapies and diagnosis based on pulse and analysis of Tridosha state of an individual, it suggests meditative exercises and life style management to obtain tranquility and improve health.25, 26, 27 The Asanas (postures) of Yoga are applied in various clinical and nonclinical conditions for curing various physical and emotional conditions.

Ancient History Notes for UPSC offers insights into the rich cultural diversity, art, architecture, literature, and religious practices of ancient civilisations, forming the bedrock of India's identity. They link historical events, contributing to a holistic understanding of the historical continuum and how it shaped present-day dynamics. Ancient history is a vital component in both Prelims and Mains. Comprehensive Ancient History Notes for UPSC can aid in answering multiple-choice questions and writing detailed answers in Mains.

In this article, we will cover the UPSC Ancient History Notes and focus on GS Paper 1. Studying well-crafted ancient history notes will equip you with the knowledge and insights needed to excel in the examination, enabling you to comprehend India's intricate historical tapestry and its significance in shaping the nation's present and future.

Southern ancient India, a region rich in cultural and maritime heritage, witnessed the growth of powerful dynasties such as the Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas. With a focus on trade and commerce, these kingdoms fostered vibrant port cities like Mamallapuram and Kaveripattinam, facilitating cultural exchanges with distant lands.

The Mauryan Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya, marked a pivotal era in ancient Indian history. With its capital at Pataliputra, the empire's extensive territorial expanse was united under the governance system outlined in Chanakya's Arthashastra.

The main sources for learning about history are the NCERT Books. If you're preparing for the UPSC exam to become an IAS officer, it's a good idea to study history from these books. It's helpful to take notes while studying so you can review them later. However, sometimes, it's tough for UPSC candidates to figure out what to focus on, or they might not have the time or tools to take good notes. To help with this, Vajiram & Ravi Quest Articles for UPSC CSE are curated to help the aspirants understand each topic in a comprehensive manner. These notes cover important topics in Ancient Indian History and are designed to make it easier for aspirants to study the subject.

These free Study Materials cover a lot of the key history topics from ancient India to the early Middle Ages. To understand India's ancient history well, you need to know when things happened. After that, you should learn about different aspects of history, like how people lived, how things were organised, and how events influenced culture, not just politics. Use these notes along with the NCERT Books to make sure you cover everything you need to know for the UPSC exam.

Creating notes for the Ancient History of India can be highly beneficial for UPSC preparation. Notes help condense complex information, aiding in better understanding and retention. They serve as quick revision tools, saving time during the final review. Organising key facts and concepts in your own words also enhances your grasp of the subject and facilitates personalised learning. 006ab0faaa