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When you locate your ancestor in an index, be sure to locate the complete record, provided it still exists. Court records are typically rich in detail and can sometimes provide insights not found anywhere else. In the case of probate records, which may have been created over several years, multiple documents such as a will, estate description, guardianship papers, petitions, affidavits, and more, may be included in the packet.

Probate records that pre-date 1858 are scattered all over the country, often in local record offices or private archives. Our collections reflect this, as we have indexes from a variety of places and sources. Most of these indexes contain references, which will help you track down the original documents.

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This page will help you trace your American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry and provide you with information about tribal services, tribal contacts, and genealogical research. Some frequently asked and common ancestral search questions will also be answered within this page.

There are many reasons a person will seek to establish their AI/AN ancestry. When establishing descent from an AI/AN tribe for membership and enrollment purposes an individual must provide genealogical documentation that supports their claim of such ancestry from a specific tribe or tribal community. If the end goal for doing this research is to help you determine if you are eligible for membership in a tribe, you must be able to:

Blood tests and DNA tests will not help an individual document his or her descent from a specific Federally recognized tribe or tribal community. The only value blood tests and DNA tests hold for persons trying to trace ancestry to a particular tribe is that testing, if the tribe accepts it, can establish if an individual is biologically related to a tribal member. Check directly with the tribe you are seeking to enroll to find out if it will accept a blood test or DNA test as part of its enrollment application process.

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The association between this marker and geographic location works in two ways. If you know you haveEuropean ancestry, we know that there's a decent chance you have the H haplogroup. And if you havethe H haplogroup, we know that your genetic history likely includes at least one European ancestor.

Although we can't locate your ancestry with much precision based on this one DNA marker, we measurehundreds of thousands of DNA markers on the 23andMe platform. If we combine the evidence from manymarkers, each of which offers a little bit of information about where in the world you're from, wecan develop a clear overall picture.

So what? This matters because we can learn more from long runs of many DNA markers together than wecan learn from individual DNA markers alone. In the above example, the combinationA-T-C will generally say more about your ancestry than theA, T, andC say when they are considered separately. Luckily, we can usestatistical methods to estimate the phasing of your chromosomes. After phasing your raw data, theAncestry Composition algorithm calculates ancestry separately for each phased chromosome.

Here's an example of one of the diagnostic plots we use to select populations. The genomes in theEuropean reference datasets are plotted using principal component analysis, which shows theiroverall genetic distance from each other. Each point on the plot represents one person, and welabeled the points with different symbols and colors based on their known ancestry. You can seethat people from the same population (labeled with the same symbol) tend to cluster together. Somepopulations, like the Finns (the blue triangles on the left), are relatively isolated from theother populations. Because Finns are so genetically distinct, they have their own referencepopulation in Ancestry Composition. Most country-level populations, however, overlap to somedegree. In these cases, we experimented with different groupings of country-level populations tofind combinations that we could distinguish with high confidence.

Some genetic ancestries are inherently difficult to distinguish because the people in those regionsmixed throughout history or have shared history. As we obtain more data, populations will becomeeasier to distinguish, and we will be able to report on more populations in the Ancestry Compositionreport.

First, we use a computational method to estimate the phasing of your chromosomes, that is, todetermine the contribution to your genome by each of your parents. Next, we break up thechromosomes into short windows, and we compare your DNA sequence in each window to thecorresponding DNA in our reference datasets. We label your DNA with the ancestry whose referenceDNA it's most similar, and then we process those assignments computationally to "smooth" them out.Each step in this process is described in more detail in the following sections.

There are many ways to assign ancestry to DNA segments based on reference data, and we triedseveral. The best-performing option was a well-known classification tool called a support vectormachine, or SVM. An SVM can "learn" different ancestry classifications based on a set of trainingexamples and then assign new DNA segments to a learned category.

In the case of Ancestry Composition, we train the SVM with reference DNA sequences and tell it whichancestry population those sequences are from. Then, when we look at the DNA from a 23andMe customerwith unknown ancestry (like you), we can ask the SVM to classify your DNA for us based on thereference datasets.

The second kind of error the smoother corrects arises from the phasing step. Phasing algorithms canmake mistakes, known as switch errors, where they mix up the DNA of one parentwith that of another. The smoother can switch the ancestry assignments between your mother and yourfather if it detects one of these errors. In this example, there may be a switch error after thefourth window. If the switch were reversed, then the runs of Xs and the runs of Zs would staytogether. In our simplified example, the smoother might output something like this:

This example illustrates the purpose of the smoother. But with real data the picture is muchmessier, and the answers are rarely so clean. So instead of assigning a single ancestry to eachwindow like we did in this example, the smoother estimates the probabilities of eachAncestry Composition population matching each window of DNA. The following picture shows a concreteexample:

This is the output of the smoother analysis of one copy of chromosome 2. Starting on the left,there is a short run of pink, then a wider run of green, then another run of pink. In this chart,pink is the color for Sub-Saharan African ancestry, and green is the color for Indigenous American. They-axis runs from 0 to 100 percent, and it shows the probability that the DNA in that region of thechromosome comes from each Ancestry Composition population. These pink and green regions fill theentire vertical space of the graph, which means that we are 100 percent confident that the DNA inthose regions has Sub-Saharan African and Indigenous American genetic ancestry, respectively.

The horizontal line in this image indicates a 70 percent confidence threshold, which we will usefor this example. You can view your own Chromosome Painting at different confidence thresholds,ranging from 50 percent (speculative) to 90 percent (conservative).

We look across the entire chromosome and ask whether any ancestry has an estimated probabilityexceeding the specified threshold (in this case 70 percent). In this example, with the exceptionof the blue European stretch, the ancestry estimates exceed 70 percent over the majority of thechromosome. Each region contributes to your overall Ancestry Composition in proportion to itssize: For example, the green Indigenous American segment near the end of this plot makes up about 0.26percent of the entire genome. Even though there is some probability that the segment comes from adifferent population, the Indigenous American proportion exceeds the 70 percent threshold, and so weadd 0.26 percent Indigenous American to the overall Ancestry Composition at this threshold.

In the case of the European segment, no single ancestry exceeds the 70 percent threshold, so wedon't assign that DNA to any fine-grained ancestries. Instead, we refer to our hierarchy ofancestries. There is a "Broadly Northern European" ancestry that includes four fine-levelancestries: British & Irish, Scandinavian, Finnish, and French & German. If, when we add up thecontributions of each of these subgroups, the total contribution toward Broadly Northern Europeanexceeds the 70 percent threshold, then we will report the region as Broadly Northern European.

In this example, the Broadly Northern European reference populations still don't exceed the 70percent threshold, but the combined probabilities of all the European populations do. So thisregion is assigned "Broadly European" ancestry.

If you connect with one or both of your biological parents, you will get an extra result. You'll beable to see the Parental Inheritance view, which shows your mother's contribution to your ancestryon one side and your father's contribution to your ancestry on the other. We can't provide thisview if you don't have a parent connected because we need at least one of your parents to orientthe results. Here's an example of what you can learn from Inheritance View: say your AncestryComposition includes a small amount of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. When you look at your InheritanceView, you'll be able to see from which parent you inherited it. ff782bc1db