We have converted genome-encoded protein sequences into musical notes to reveal auditory patterns without compromising musicality. We derived a reduced range of 13 base notes by pairing similar amino acids and distinguishing them using variations of three-note chords and codon distribution to dictate rhythm. The conversion will help make genomic coding sequences more approachable for the general public, young children, and vision-impaired scientists.
In an effort to make science appealing to a wider audience, interdisciplinary groups have combined efforts to initiate novel approaches for the presentation and perspective of scientific material. An example is that of Victor Wong, a blind meteorology graduate student studying at Cornell University. He developed a computer program that translates different colors of a weather map into 88 distinct piano notes. With the use of a stylus to scan across a weather map, Wong was able to hear a gradation of colors ranging from blue to red with respect to electron density [1]. Another example of an interdisciplinary approach involves Japanese biologists at the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, who have incorporated basic concepts of developmental biology into card games based on manga characters like Pokmon to interest young people. Aside from the amusing, colorful characters, the creators hope to preempt the introverted, asocial stereotypes of scientists before they "take root" [2]. Also, the Biochemist's Songbook by Harold Baum describes scientific concepts with lyrics and song [3].
Amino Music
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The goal of our work is to find a mode of converting genomic sequences (including coding and, eventually, non-coding) to piano notes that sound reasonable to a musician's ear while remaining faithful to the science of the protein sequences. The classic problem to overcome is the jump between consecutive notes as a consequence of the 20-note range when each amino acid is represented by a unique note. The wide range of the notes results in melodies that have many large, sporadic jumps, making them difficult to follow musically. A second problem is the question of how to incorporate rhythm into the sequence of notes. We describe here several innovations in coding assignments that generate a reduced note range and that also introduce rhythm into the sequence of notes.
Our pilot study focused on the amino-acid sequence of the human thymidylate synthase A (ThyA) protein. We used numerous assignments, including the chromatic scale, before finalizing our coding assignment based on a diatonic scale. Figure 1a shows the beginning portion of this sequence fixed to a 20-note range (2.5 octaves), where each amino acid was initially assigned to a unique note. One way to improve the musicality is to express each amino acid as a chord, rather than a single note. We then devised a reduced note range using chords, in which similar amino acids were paired initially. Thus, aspartic acid and glutamic acid were paired, as were leucine and isoleucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, valine and alanine, threonine and serine, glutamine and asparagine, and arginine and lysine. The paired amino acids were assigned the same fundamental single note, but distinguished by being given a different version of their respective chord. For example, tyrosine and phenylalanine are both assigned a G major chord. The paired amino acids are distinguished from each other by either being assigned to a root position or first inversion chord of the same key signature. Tyrosine is assigned a G major root position (RP) chord and phenylalanine is assigned to a G major first inversion (FI) chord. The initial 13 base notes, assigned roughly according to hydrophobicity, yielded the music for ThyA shown in Figure 1b (see legend). Although the complete range of notes included in the chords spans more than 13 notes, the use of triads modulates the sound of the large jumps and range in addition to increasing the complexity of the music.
The next step was to add rhythm, which we did by referring to the coding sequence shown for humans and assigning one of four note durations to each amino-acid codon based on the codon usage (frequency per 1,000 occurrences). The more abundant the codon is for a particular organism, the longer the note duration. One can see the new rhythmic adjustments in Figure 2a, where the reduced note range assignment is used for the human ThyA protein. The resulting music addresses the issues of musicality such as large interval jumps and rhythm, which makes the musical translation more pleasing to listen to and maintains the integrity of the protein sequence within the music. Figure 2b illustrates the difference that can be recognized when various protein motifs are scored. Here, we transposed the beginning segment of the huntingtin protein involved in Huntington's disease [11]. A clear auditory pattern emanates from both repetitive glutamines (21 in this normal individual) and polyproline stretches. The repeated notes are distinctly set apart from the rest of the sequence, allowing one to recognize this region by ear.
Partial human ThyA protein sequence with rhythm based on the human codon distribution. (a) Four different note lengths (eighth, quarter, half, whole note) were each assigned to a particular codon usage range based on frequency per 1,000. Zero to 10 (per 1,000) was assigned the eighth note, 11 to 20 the quarter note, 21 to 30 a half note, and a codon usage greater than 30 was assigned the whole note. The more frequently a particular codon is used, the longer the note length that represents such a codon. (b) Huntingtin protein translated into musical notes based on the reduced-note range and human codon distribution. The wild-type huntingtin protein contains 21 glutamines in the beginning portion of the sequence. The protein also contains proline-rich regions. The repetition in these regions can be distinctly heard in the musical translation.
By converting genomic sequences into music, we hope to achieve several goals, which include investigating sequences by the vision impaired. Another aim is to attract young people into molecular genetics by using the multidisciplinary approach of fusing music and science. There are strong associations between music and perception. Heightened interest in a historically known condition called synesthesia (or synaesthesia) has also spanned multiple fields of study including science, music, and history [12]. The condition has prompted a collaborative approach among various disciplines aimed at developing a more comprehensive picture of this syndrome. Synesthesia is an involuntary perception produced by stimulation of another sense. Commonly one hears a certain pitch that consistently evokes a particular color. Synesthesia is considered an unusually strong cross-modal association in the brain and has been observed in children and adults [12]. Another example of a collaborative, cross-disciplinary effort includes research pertaining to sound-induced photisms. Sound-induced photisms have been recorded where a startled reaction to a sound (soft or loud) evokes colors ranging from flashes of white light to a colorful flame [13]. A separate study confirms that lighter colors 'fit together' with higher pitches of sound and darker stimuli are better fitted to lower pitches [14].
In future studies, we will use a recently created program (F. Pettit, unpublished work), now in its testing stages, which implements the translation rules we have formulated. Use of this program will enable very rapid translation of large segments of genomes into music. Furthermore, different instruments can be assigned to unique parts of the genome, such as regulatory, intergenic, and promoter/operator sequences, in order to use the obvious distinction as a teaching tool for introducing the function of the genome and its parts. Finally, each protein provides a theme that can be used as a source to make variations that would involve improvisation and elaboration, which would allow the investigator/author to contribute an artistic component to the original melody. For further examples of protein music and references to previous work, go to our website gene2music [15]. Also, browse this website to access our computer program in order to convert your own gene of interest to music.
The following additional data are available with the online version of this paper. Additional data file 1 is a music clip of the human ThyA protein based on the single note assignment of one amino acid per musical note. Additional data file 2 is a music clip of the human ThyA protein derived from the reduced 13-base note chord assignment. Additional data file 3 is a music clip of the human ThyA protein based on our final coding assignment, which includes rhythm. Additional data file 4 is a music clip of the huntingtin protein based on our final coding assignment.
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Background: This study aimed to explore the neurobiological effects of "Chinese Traditional Five-Elements Music Therapy" on rats and to determine its effects on amino acid neurotransmitter levels, the excitatory/inhibitory(E/I) balance and the Glu-Gln cycle.
Conclusion: Our study showed that different melodic music produced different effects on amino acid neurotransmitter levels. "Chinese Traditional Five-Elements Music Therapy" affected the amino acid neurotransmitter levels, the E/I balance and the Glu-Gln cycle in the striatum of rats, which may reflect altered glutamatergic and GABAergic system.
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