A Sequence of Instruction:
A sequence of instructions refers to a set of steps or commands that a computer follows to perform a specific task. These instructions are written in a programming language and are designed to be executed in a particular order.

An Algorithm:
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of rules for solving a specific problem. It's a logical and systematic approach to problem-solving. Algorithms are often expressed in a human-readable form and then translated into a programming language for the computer to execute.

A Program:

A program is a set of instructions that are written in a programming language to perform a specific task or achieve a particular result. Essentially, a program is the executable form of an algorithm.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

A set of instructions written by a programmer to deliver instructions to the computer to perform and accomplish a task

LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Machine binary language: unintelligible

The lowest level of programming language consists of binary code, which is a series of 0s and 1s that directly represent machine-level instructions. It is unintelligible to humans.

Low-level Assembly Language - is a step above machine binary language

Mnemonic names for machine operations
- make it easier for programmers to write assembly language code by using human-readable names for operations rather than dealing directly with raw binary instructions
Explicit manipulation of memory addresses

-involves directly working with and controlling the locations in a computer's memory where data is stored.

Machine-dependent

- programs written in these languages are closely tied to the architecture and instruction set of a specific computer or processor

High-level Language

Readable
- it's written in a clear and understandable way, like a well-written story or a recipe that is easy to follow.

Machine-independent

- can be executed on different types of hardware without major modifications.

TIMELINE OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

C++:

· Created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the early 1980s as an extension of the C programming language.

· It introduced object-oriented programming features, providing developers with tools for building modular and reusable code.

· Created in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs.

· It is known for its efficiency, low-level manipulation capabilities, and close relationship with machine hardware.

C#:

· Introduced by Microsoft in 2000.

· C# (pronounced as C-sharp) is a modern, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft.

· It is commonly used for developing Windows applications, web applications, and games using the Unity game development engine.

BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code):

· The original BASIC language was created in 1964 by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz at Dartmouth College.

· BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of high-level programming languages.

· It was designed to be simple and accessible for beginners. Variants of BASIC have been widely used in educational settings.

Java:

· Developed by James Gosling and Mike Sheridan at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. The official release was in 1996.

· Java is a versatile, object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems (now owned by Oracle).

· It is known for its platform independence, meaning Java programs can run on any device that has the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed.

Visual Basic:

· The first version, Visual Basic 1.0, was released by Microsoft in 1991.

· Visual Basic is a programming language developed by Microsoft. It is part of the Visual Studio development environment.

Python:

· Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991.

· Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its readability and simplicity.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language):

· HTML was first created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991.

· HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is not a programming language but a markup language used for creating the structure of web pages.

PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor):

· Created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994.

· PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a server-side scripting language designed for web development.