THE RIZAL FAMILY MEMBERS

Full Name: FRANCISCO MERCADO RIZAL (1818-1898)

·  The youngest of 13 siblings, Francisco was a farmer and a tenant of the Dominican-owned hacienda in Calamba.

·  He was known for his integrity and dedication to his family.

Full Name: FRANCISCO MERCADO RIZAL (1818-1898)

·  The youngest of 13 siblings, Francisco was a farmer and a tenant of the Dominican-owned hacienda in Calamba.

·  He was known for his integrity and dedication to his family.

Full Name: SATURNINA RIZAL (1850- 1913)

·  The eldest child, Saturnina married Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.

·  She was involved in the publication of Pascual Poblete’s Tagalog translation of Noli Me Tangere.

Full Name:NARCISA RIZAL (1852-1939)

·  A teacher and musician, Narcisa married Antonio Lopez of Morong, Rizal.

·  She was instrumental in locating José's unmarked grave after his execution.

Full Name:OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887)

The fourth child.

·  Married Silvestre Ubaldo; died in 1887 from childbirth.

Full Name: LUCIA RIZAL (1857-  1919)

·  Lucia married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba.

·  Her daughter, Delfina, was the first wife of Gen. Salvador Natividad and assisted Marcela Agoncillo in sewing the first Philippine flag.

Full Name: MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945)

·  Maria married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.

·  Her son, Mauricio Cruz, married Concepcion Arguelles, and their son, Ismael Arguelles Cruz, was the father of Gemma Cruz Aranetatiyt the first Filipina to win the Miss International title.

Full Name: JOSE RIZAL  (1861-1896)

·  The second son and the seventh child, José became the national hero of the Philippines.

·  He was executed by the Spaniards on December 30,1896.

Full Name: CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862- 1865)

·  Nicknamed "Concha, " she was the eighth child and died at the age of three.

·  Her death was José's first experience with grief.

JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945)

·  Known as "Panggoy, " she suffered from epilepsy and remained unmarried.

·  She was an active member of the Katipunan.

Full Name: TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951)

·      Nicknamed "Trining, " she was the last of the Rizal children to die.

·      Like Josefa, she was a member of the Katipunan and kept the manuscript of José's poem Mi Último Adios.

RIZAL’S LIFE: CHILDHOOD

Childhood in Calamba

Calamba Description: A beautiful hacienda town owned by the Dominican Order, surrounded by rice and sugar fields.

·      Early Memories: Playing in the family garden at three years old.

·      A frail and sickly child, receiving loving care from his parents. Participating in nightly family prayers (Angelus).

·      Walking in the town during moonlit nights

Family Bond: Rizal was deeply attached to his siblings.

·      Especially loved his sister Concepcion ("Concha"), who died in 1865, causing Rizal his first sorrow.

·       Education and Development Started joining family prayers at age three.

·       By age five, could read the Spanish Family Bible.

·      Profoundly impacted by the story of the moth, which instilled early lessons about sacrifice and ideals.

Early Talents and Creativity

Began making sketches and molding clay and wax at age five. Wrote his first poem, "Sa Aking Mga Kabata" (To My Fellow Children), at eight years old. Wrote a Tagalog comedy at the same age.

Influences on His Boyhood

Family Members:

·  Tio Jose Alberto: Inspired Rizal to develop his artistic talents.

·  Tio Manuel: Encouraged physical exercises to strengthen Rizal's frail body.

·  Tio Gregorio: Instilled a love for reading and learning.

·  Father Leoncio Lopez: Fostered intellectual honesty and a love for scholarship

RIZAL’S LIFE: EARLY EDUCATION

JOSE RIZAL’ S  EARLY EDUCATION

Jose Rizal’s early education was fundamental in shaping his character and intellect. From his family to his early teachers, his childhood years prepared him for the many achievements he would later accomplish.

First Teacher: His Mother

 Doña Teodora Alonso was Rizal’s first teacher. At home, she taught him to read, write, and pray. She also instilled strong moral values that guided him throughout life.

·      Early Talents and Interests

·       Learned to read by age 3

·      Enjoyed drawing and molding clay.

Private Tutors and Language Learning

Before formal schooling, Rizal was taught Latin and Spanish by private tutors such as Maestro Celestino and Maestro Lucas Padua. They encouraged his love for languages and critical thinking skills. Influence of His Uncles Rizal’s uncles helped nurture his talents in different areas:

• Uncle Gregorio introduced him to books and logic

• Uncle José taught him painting and sculpture

• Uncle Manuel encouraged physical discipline and fitness

Formal Education in Biñan

At age nine, Rizal attended formal schooling in Biñan under Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz. He lived with his aunt and traveled daily to school. Despite facing bullying, he excelled in his studies.

Academic Subjects Rizal’s subjects included Latin, Spanish, philosophy, mathematics, and religion. He was known for his sharp intellect and excellent memory

Bullying Incident and Resilience

Rizal was bullied by a classmate named Pedro. He learned self-defense from his uncle Manuel and stood up for himself. This experience built his confidence and resilience

Family Support and Environment

 Rizal’s family strongly supported his education. They provided books, tutors, and a nurturing home environment that encouraged learning and discipline

Religion and Moral Values

Religion played an important role in Rizal’s early education. He was taught prayers, catechism, and moral lessons. Though spiritual, Rizal later questioned some religious practices critically.

Early Writings and Patriotism

Rizal’s first poem, Sa Aking Mga Kabata, expressed love for his language and country. This early patriotic spirit remained central throughout his life and works.

Early Exposure to Books

Rizal grew up surrounded by many books at home This encouraged his habit of reading and learning from an early age.

Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, published in 1609, is a historical account of the early Spanish colonization of the Philippines. Written by Morga, a Spanish official who served as lieutenant governor in Manila, the book provides a detailed narrative of events in the Philippines during the 16th century. It covers the arrival of the Spanish, beginning with Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition in 1521 and his death in Mactan, followed by Miguel López de Legazpi’s successful colonization in 1565. Morga describes how the Spanish established political control, built settlements, and introduced Christianity through missionaries such as the Augustinians and Jesuits. He also documents military campaigns against indigenous revolts, Muslim raiders, and foreign threats like Chinese pirates.

One of the most valuable aspects of the book is Morga’s description of Filipino life before and during Spanish rule. He discusses native customs, clothing, social structures, religion, warfare, and trade, offering rare insights into pre-colonial culture. Although his perspective is that of a colonizer, his relatively objective observations set his work apart from other Spanish chroniclers. The book also highlights Manila’s growing importance in the global trade network, particularly through the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade.

Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas is historically significant not only for its content but also because it was later annotated and republished by José Rizal in 1890. Rizal praised Morga for preserving important details about Filipino culture and used the book to challenge Spanish colonial narratives that portrayed Filipinos as uncivilized before colonization. Overall, Morga’s work remains a crucial source for understanding the early colonial history of the Philippines and the cultural transformation that took place during Spanish rule.

NOLI ME TANGERE: CHAPTER SUMMARIES

CHAPTER 1: A Social Gathering (Una reunion) - In a dinner hosted by Capitan Tiago in honor of a returnee from Europe, several major characters are introduced, including Friar Damaso amidst a description of practices in social gatherings such as this.

CHAPTER 2: Crisostomo Ibarra (Crisosotomo Ibarra) - Crisostomo Ibarra is introduced to the visitors. Friar Damaso receives him coldly and with an air of irritation.

CHAPTER 3: The Dinner (La cena) - At the dinner, Friar Damaso is in a bad mood. He argues that Indios don't have the right to study abroad.

CHAPTER 4: A Heretic and Filibuster (Hereje y Filibustero) - Lt. Guevarra follows Ibarra as he leaves and warns him to becareful and narrates the fate suffered by his father.

 CHAPTER 5: A Star in a Dark Night (Una estrella en noche oscura) - In his hotel, Ibarra thinks about the anguish and griefsuffered by his father. Meanwhile, Maria Clara arrives and is admired by guests in Capitan Tiago's house.

CHAPTER 6: Captain Tiago (Capitan Tiago) - Capitan Tiago the richest man of San Diego and his wife Pia Alba were childless for many years. Pia Alba conceives but dies after giving birth to Maria Clara who became a childhood friend of Ibarra.

CHAPTER 7: An Idyll in an Azotea (Idilio en una azotea) - Crisostomo Ibarra and Maria Clara meet after seven years, reminiscing their childhood. They prove that neither of them had forgotten their love for each other

CHAPTER 8: Recollections (Recuerdos) Along the way to San Diego, Ibarra remembers fond memories. He observes that

the country's condition remains unchanged. There is still no progress.

CHAPTER 9: Local Affairs (Cosas del pais)- Padre Damaso wants to stop the planned marriage between Ibarra and Maria

Clara. Padre Sibyla and some priests get alarmed of the dangerous implication of Crisostomo Ibarra's foreign education.

CHAPTER 10: The Town (El pueblo) - The legend behind the town named San Diego is narrated.

CHAPTER 11: The Rulers (Los soberanos) The setÝng of San Diego as a colonial administration of the Spaniards is

described. Powerful people use their influence for their own benefit.

CHAPTER 12: All Saint's Day (Todos los santos) - In the conversation of two grave diggers at the cemetery, it is revealed

that a fat curate ordered a corpse to be dug up and to be buried in the Chinese cemetery. The body however was just

thrown in the lake.

CHAPTER 13: Signs of Storm (Presagios de tempestad) The old grave digger admits to Ibarra about the order of the

'curate about his father's corpse. Ibarra confronts Padre Salvi, who confesses that it was not him but Padre Damaso.

CHAPTER 14: Tasio: Lunatic or Sage (Tasio: el loco o el filosofo) - Don Anastacio also known as Philosopher Tacio is

introduced. He goes to the church and meets with Crispin and Basilio.

CHAPTER 15: The Sacristans (Los sacristanes) - The fate of Crispin and Basilio is presented. Crispin is tortured by the

sacristan for allegedly stealing money. Basilio is able to escape.

CHAPTER 16: Sisa (Sisa) - Sisa prepares a meal and waits for Crispin and Basilio, but her irresponsible husband eats all

the food. Basilio arrives out of breath and bleeding.

CHAPTER 17: Basilio (Basilio) - Basilio tells Sisa about what happened to them. In his sleep, he dreams that Crispin died

in the cruel hands of the Spaniards.

CHAPTER 18: Souls in Torment (Almas en pena) - Sisa goes to the convent to fetch his son Crispin. She is told that the

little thief had stolen money and escaped. Confused, Sisa leaves crying.

CHAPTER 19: The Schoolmaster's DifÏculties (Aventuras de un maestro de escuela) - Because of a conversation with

the schoolteacher about the plight of the school in San Diego, Ibarra decides to put up a local school.

CHAPTER 20: The Meeting in the Town Hall (La junta en el tribunal) - In the meeting in the town hall to discuss the

celebration of the feast of San Diego, the two groups of the older conservative group and the liberal youth discuss

lengthily. The older conservative group prevails.

CHAPTER 21: The Story of a Mother (Historia de una madre) Sisa arrives at her house and finds the Guardia Civil lookingfor her sons. They arrest Sisa in order to compel her sons to surrender. Due to the anguish and public humiliation Sisa suffers and becomes insane.

CHAPTER 22: Lights and Shadows (Luces y sombras) - At the feast in San Diego, everyone talks about Maria Clara. Ibarraarrives making everyone exited. A picnic is arranged and Padre Salvi is invited.

CHAPTER 23: Fishing (La pesca) - At the picnic, Maria Clara sings a patriotic melody. At the lake, a crocodile appears that nearly kills the boatman, Elias. Ibarra jumps off the boat to save Elias.

CHAPTER 24: In the Woods (En el busque) - Padre Salvi goes to the picnic very amused. The civil guard arrives in search of Elias but fails to find him.

CHAPTER 25: Elias and Salome (Elias y Salome) - Elias meets Salome to talk about the special condition of their love. (This Chapter was removed in the first printing of the novel)

CHAPTER 26: In the House of a Sage (En casa del Filosofo) - Ibarra visits Philisopher Tacio and has a conversation with him ranging from from languages to history and geography. Tacio is overwhelmed about Ibarra's plans and advises him to keep his head down.

CHAPTER 27: The Eve of the Fiesta (La vispera de la fiesta) - On the eve of the fiesta, the people are busy with the preparations. The workmen are also busy building the foundation of the proposed school building. Ibarra remains optimistic that his project will succeed, while Tacio continues to advise him to be cautious.

CHAPTER 28: In the Twilight (Al anochecer) Maria Clara and Ibarra, together with their friends, go for a walk. They meet a leper and Maria Clara gives her locket to the sick man.

CHAPTER 29: Correspondence (Correspondencias) The newspapers in Manila describe the feast of San Diego. Rumor of Ibarra being sick worries Maria Clara so she writes him a letter.

CHAPTER 30: The Morning (La Manana) - A procession is held during the last day of the fiesta, where the people parade the images of saints. The people in the procession are greeted by the sound of firecrackers, songs, and religious prayers.

CHAPTER 31: In the Church (En la Iglesia) - A huge number of people gather in the church. The sermon is paid like the comedy show that will perform for three nights. When the Alferez comes Padre Damaso begins the mass.

CHAPTER 32: The Sermon (El sermon) In his sermon, Padre Damaso reprimands natives who, after receiving some education, supposedly become too self-made. Elias approaches Ibarra, and warns him that his life is in danger.

CHAPTER 33: The Derrick (La cabria) - Ibarra, the Alcalde, and other individuals, go to the site of the proposed school to lay the cornerstone of the building. The derrick suddenly falls apart, dropping the heavy block of stone close to Ibarra, but he goes unhurt while a workman is killed.

CHAPTER 34: Free Thought (Libre pensamiento) - Elias visits Ibarra at his house and informs him that many enemies are out to ruin him. Elias explains that he wants to pay his debt of gratitude.

CHAPTER 35: The Dinner (La comida) - At dinner, Padre Damaso belittles Ibarra for building a school and insults his father's honor. Ibarra threatens to kill him, but Maria Clara intervenes.

CHAPTER 36: Comments (Comentarios) - News spreads about the incident involving Ibarra and Friar Damaso. The townspeople think that Ibarra will be excommunicated as a filibuster.

CHAPTER 37: The First Cloud (La primera nube) - Crisostomo Ibarra is excommunicated. Maria Clara is forbidden to see him. Friar Damaso proposes that Maria marries a relative of his who will be visiting from Spain.

 CHAPTER 38: His Excellency (Su excelencia) - The Governor General assures Ibarra that he will be protected by the government and promises that he would talk to the Archbishop regarding his excommunication.

CHAPTER 39: The Procession (La procesion) - Another procession is held. Tasio makes sarcastic remarks about the lifestyle of the so-called servants of God.

 CHAPTER 40: Dona Consolacion (Dona Consolacion) - Dona Consolacion, the wife of Alferez, forces Sisa to sing and dance for her own amusement. The Alferez arrives shortly, and commands his servant to dress Sisa, feed her, and give her a suitable bed for the night.

 CHAPTER 41: Right and Might (El derecho y la fuerza) - Maria Clara, her friends, Don Filipo, and Padre Salvi are watching a play when Ibarra arrives; Padre Salvi orders Don Filipo to prohibit Ibarra from watching the play. Padre Salvi walks out when Don Filipo refuses.

CHAPTER 42: Two Visits (Dos visitas) - Elias visits Ibarra and informs him that Maria Clara is sick. Heading towards Capitan Tiago's house he meets Lucas, brother of the deceased workman, who asks for some form of financial compensation.

CHAPTER 43: The Espadanas (Los esposos de Espadana) - Don Tiburio Espadana, the fake doctor and his wife Dona Victorina arrive at Capitan Tiago's house together with Linares who is introduced to Maria Clara. Don Tiburcio gives Maria some kind of medication.

CHAPTER 44: Plans (Proyectos)- Friar Damaso arrives and is introduced to Linares. He summons up a plan to arrange themarriage of Linares and Maria Clara. Meanwhile. Lucas formulates a plan to harm Ibarra for giving him only a small amount.

CHAPTER 45: An Examination of Conscience (Examen de conciencia) - Friar Salvi is alone with Maria Clara for her confession. When the friar leaves Maria Clara's room, he appears pale after discussing the identity of Maria Clara's biological father.

CHAPTER 46: The Hunted (Los perseguidos) - Elias finally succeeds in locating Captain Pablo, a fugitive who wants to take revenge for his family's sufferings inflicted by the friars.

CHAPTER 47: The Cockpit (La gallera) - At the cockpit, Lucas approaches Bruno and Tarsilo to convince them to join in anattack on the barracks allegedly being planned by Ibarra.

CHAPTER 48: Two Ladies (Las dos senoras) - Dona Victorina keeps flashing her eccentric clothes on the streets while Dona Consolacion secretly mocks and ridicules her and her crippled husband. The two women start exchanging insults and almost get Into a fight.

CHAPTER 49: The Enigma (El enigma) - Ibarra wishes to inform Maria Clara that his excommunication has been lifted, but upon arriving at her house, he sees Maria Clara with Linares. He proceeds to the site of the school building.

CHAPTER 50: The Voice of the Hunted (La voz de los perseguidos) - Ibarra goes to the riverside to meet with Elias. Elias tells him of the purpose of the meeting to address the concerns and needs of those who are hunted and persecuted.

CHAPTER 51: The Family of Elias (La familia de Elias) - Elias narrates his story and the disastrous lives of his ancestors, upon Ibarra's request.

CHAPTER 52: Exchanges (Cambios) - Friar Salvi tells Linares, Maria Clara, and Capitan Tiago that Ibarra's excommunication has been lifted, but an apology from Ibarra is still demanded.

 CHAPTER 53: The Card of the Dead and the Shadows (La carta de los muertos y los sombras) - Elias, after spying on Lucas, finds out about the plan that will incriminate Ibarra.

CHAPTER 54: A Good Day is Foretold by the Morning (Il buon di si conosce de matÝna) - Tasio praises Don Filipo's resignation because of the ineptitude of the Gobernadorcillo, saying that resistance must be used against all persons who abuse their authority.

CHAPTER 55: Revelations (Sin titulo) - While helping Ibarra dispose of materials that could implicate him, Elias discovers that Ibarra's great grandfather was the Spaniard who accused his great grandfather of arson

CHAPTER 56: The Catastrophe (La catastrophe) - The Guardia Civil arrest Ibarra upon his return to his house.

CHAPTER 57: Rumours and Belief (Lo que se dice y lo que se cree) - Rumors circulate in the terrified town that Don Filipo and Ibarra have been arrested by the Guardia Civil while others think that some bandits were caught in the night..

CHAPTER 58: Woe to the Vanquished (Vae Victis) - Tarsilo and Andong are arrested for the rebellion. Friar Salvi forces Tarsilo to admit that Ibarra was the one behind the rebellion and is whipped to death.

CHAPTER 59: The Accursed (El maldito) - Ibarra is cursed, stoned, and ridiculed by the people, blaming him for their misfortunes and hardships. Philosopher Tacio is found dead.

CHAPTER 60: Country and Private Interests (Patria e intereses) - The news about the rebellion spreads while many celebrate Friar Salvi's successful discovery of the rebellion. The friars blame the messed up minds of the youth.

CHAPTER 61: Maria Clara Weds (Maria Clara se casa) - The suspects are all in jail. It is agreed that Linares and Maria Clara should be married soon. Maria Clara meets Ibarra in the azotea where Ibarra tells the maiden how he feels about her betrayal. Maria Clara explains that she gave the letters in exchange of her mother's letters and swears her love for Ibarra.

CHAPTER 62: The Chase on the Lake (La caza en el lago) The civil guards chase - Ibarra and Elias in the lake. Elias jumps off the boat to mislead them and is shot at. The civil guards think they shot Ibarra when they saw traces of blood in the water.

CHAPTER 63: Friar Damaso Explains (El Padre Damaso se explica) - Maria Clara asks Padre Damaso to break her marriage engagement and to permit her to enter the nunnery. After vainly arguing with Maria Clara, Padre Damaso giveshis permission.

CHAPTER 64: Christmas Eve (La Nochebuena)- It is Christmas Eve and Basilio finds his mother Sisa. She dies shortly after identifying her son. Elias arrives and orders Basilio to cremate his body, saying, "I shall die without seeing the dawn break upon my motherland. You, who shall see it, salute it! Do not forget those who have fallen during the night."

Chapter 65: Epilogue (Epilogo) - Padre Damaso is reassigned as parish priest in a distant province but is later found dead. Maria Clara enters the Sta. Clara nunnery. Capitan Tiago stops going to church, and becomes addicted to opium and gambling.

EL FILIBUSTERISMO: CHAPTER SUMMARIES

Chapter 1: On Deck. (Sobre cubierta) - The steamship Tabo, manned by Indios, negotiates the treacherous turns and submerged passages of the Pasig River. It's the ship of the State. On the upper deck are various characters engaged in conversation.

Chapter 2: Below the Deck (Bajo cubierta) - A different set of characters occupy the lower deck. Some passengers debate the possibility of securing a permit to open the Spanish Academy being pushed by the students.

Chapter 3: Legends (Leyendas) - The trek to the Lake along the bank of Pasig River is filled with storytelling of legends. Simoun is aghast when he sees the passengers locating the spot where Ibarra must have been killed.

Chapter 4: Cabesang Tales (Cabesang Tales) - Cabesang Tales clears a land and plants it, only to be taken away later by areligious corporation. He sues in court, but loses.

Chapter 5: A Cochero's Christmas Eve (La noche buena de un cochero) - The cochero who brings Basilio to San Diego suffers the brutality of the civil guards who arrests him for not bringing his cedula.

Chapter 6: Basilio (Basilio) - A medical student with high scholastic honors, Basilio is graduating in a few months, to marry Juli, his sweetheart, and to enjoy the perks of a good future.

Chapter 7: Simoun (Simoun) - Simoun sees Basilio in the forest. He discourses with him on the futility of reforms to be granted by Spain. He urges Basilio to join him in his planned revolution, but Basilio refuses.

Chapter 8: Merry Christmas (Buenas Pascuas) - The narrative revolved around Juli and Tandang Selo. Her father, Tales, remains captive by the bandits and still in the bosom of the forest. Juli goes to work in the home of her new mistress.

Chapter 9: Pilates (Pilatos) - The religious corporation wins the case in court against Tales. When Tales returns, he finds his land no longer his and is ordered by the Tribunal to vacate the premises in three days.

Chapter 10: Wealth and Misery (Riqueza y miseria) - Simoun showcases his jewellery to a dazed audience. After Tales gets Simoun's revolver, three people are found dead the following day-the friar administrator, the new tenant and his wife. Cabesang Tales faces the people of Calamba and speaks with the voice of disaffection for Spain.

Chapter 11: Los Banos (Los Banos) - Amidst the roar of the card table, the petition of the students to open up a Spanish

Academy is taken up. The liberals and the reactionaries are split, to deny or grant it. Padre Fernandez wraps up the

debate rallying his colleagues to rethink and reassess the policy towards the injustice rather than the perpetuation of

ignorance

Chapter 11: Los Banos (Los Banos) - Amidst the roar of the card table, the petition of the students to open up a Spanish Academy is taken up. The liberals and the reactionaries are split, to deny or grant it. Padre Fernandez wraps up the debate rallying his colleagues to rethink and reassess the policy towards the injustice rather than the perpetuation of ignorance

Chapter 12: Placido Penitente (Placido Penitente) - Penitente, an intelligent student of UST who is committed to his studies, is the opposite of Juanito Pelaez, a Spanish student who passes his classes with tricks and bribes to professors.

Chapter 13: A Class in Physics (La clase de fisica) - Placido Penitente walks out of the class after Padre Millon insults him for his alleged poor performance in the recitation about the lesson on mirrors.

Chapter 14: Students' Lodging House (Una casa de estudiantes) - The petition to open a Spanish Academy is shelved indefinitely by the Governor-General. It is remanded to the Commission of Primary Instruction, headed by Don Custodio,who makes a favorable recommendation.

Chapter 15: Senor Pasta (Senor Pasta) - Isagani fails to get the nod of Senor Pasta to issue a favorable opinion regarding their petition. Pasta instead counsels the students to remain diligent in their studies, to finish their courses and practice medicine after, while leaving the government to itself.

Chapter 16: The Tribulations of a Chinaman (La tribulaciones de un Chino) - Favoring So fhmed wit finaly concedes to make his warehouse as a storage of crates of arms while awaiting distribution to still unnamed elements.

Chapter 17: The Quiapo Fair (La feria de Quiapo) - The festival is dotted with energetic activity of all kinds. Padre Camorra busies himself looking at beautiful maidens in attendance. Paulita Gomez is noticed as she enters.

Chapter 18: Deceptions (Supercherias) - The Sphinx fixes its eyes on Padre Salvi as though accusing him to have machinated all the misfortunes and death of Ibarra, represented by the mummified head.

 Chapter 19: The Fuse (La mecha) - The schoolmaster, Tales, and some ofÏcers in the army join Simoun's project. The phantom faces of destruction wrought by his revolution unnerve him.

Chapter 20: The Arbitrator (El ponente) - Don Custodio, the chair of the Commission of Primary Instruction, mulls over the fate of the petition to open a Spanish Academy. His final word about it becomes either the final nail or the key to open it

Chapter 21: Manila Characters (Tipos Manilenos) - The Teatro de Variedades is holding a performance, the Les Cloches de Corneville, a French opera company. Father Salvi issues a pastoral letter prohibiting the faithful to watch it, sensing the stench of the scandalous and the lewd.

Chapter 22: The Performance (La funcion) - The opera is attended by VIPS of San Diego last of which is no other than theGovernor General. Bad news reaches the students that their petition was granted, but placed under the control of a religious corporation.

Chapter 23: A Corpse (Un cadaver) - Capitan Tiago is dying. Simoun once more urges Basilio to join him in the uprising, but he still refuses. The revolution will explode any minute that night. Simoun recoiles from it upon learning that Maria Clara has died.

Chapter 24: Dreams (Suenos) - Isagani, in his moments of melancholy, mulls over the heroism of the insulares in their patriotic defense of the country from invaders. How he wishes to die the way they did. In the backdrop of romantic scenes with Paulita, Isagani keeps up his hope that the reforms he dreams of are still forthcoming.

Chapter 25: Laughter and Tears (Risas y llantos) - The students petition is denied, they decide to celebrate their defeat in a panciteria. Their speeches mock the government and the friars, unaware that they are being watched from a distance

Chapter 26: Subversive Posters (Pasquinadas) - Subversive posters are found in UST and the students-petitioners are tagged as responsible. Basilio and Tadeo are arrested and jailed.

Chapter 27: The Friar and the Filipino (El fraile y el Filipino) - Isagani and Padre Fernandez carry out a spirited debate onthe education of the Filipinos. Isagani's brief is a refutation of any Spanish argument denying the Filipinos education on the ground that they will declare themselves independent.

 Chapter 28: Panic (Tatakut) - Capitan Tiago dies. The subversive poster incident creates a tensed atmosphere. Everyone talks of revolution, exiles, arrests, slaughter and reports of subversives shot and killed.

Chapter 29: Last Words About Capitan Tiago (Ultimas palabras sobre Capitan Tiago) - Funeral rites are first class as Capitan Tiago is given a Christian burial. His estates are divided amongst the following: the Santa Clara convent, the Pope, the archbishop, the religious orders. Twenty pesos are for the tuition of needy students; twenty five pesos intended for Basilio has been forfeited, but is revived by Padre Irene at his own expense.

Chapter 30: Juli (Juli) - Juli dies, leaping out the window of the convent for refusing to succumb to Padre Camorra's advances. Juli had no other hope to save Basilio from prison, but Padre Camorra, though Camorra has another thing in mind.

Chapter 31: The High OfÏcial (El alto empleado) - The unnamed Spanish High OfÏcial takes up the case of Basilio and theplight of the Filipinos to His Excellency. He lectures the latter of the need for Spain to reform her colonial policies. He is asked to resign for daring to utter such and he accepts the offer of resignation.

Chapter 32: Consequences of the Posters (Effectos de los pasquines) - The consequences are disastrous for the students-some stop going to school, some burn their books, others get failing marks while some others return to operate their family's business. Isagani losses Paulita Gomez to Juanito Pelaez. Basilio remains in prison and is subjected to regular interrogation.

Chapter 33: The Final Argument (La ultimo razon) Simoun frees Basilio from prison. Basilio now becomes an ardent revolutionary and joins Simoun in his plans to overthrow the oppressive regime. The nitroglycerine bomb is to be detonated in the evening of the Feast in the mined house of Capitan Tiago where all the VIPs will be present.

Chapter 34: The Wedding (La bodas) - The house of Capitan Tiago is bought by Pelaez at half the original price. It is renovated to suit the Pelaez-Gomez aristocratic nuptial. Basilio could only feel for his friend Isagani dumped by his beloved in favor of his rival.

Chapter 35: Fiesta (La fiesta) - Simoun with his fatal lamp comes before His Excellency, and then leaves. Basilio sees Isagani outside taking his final look at Paulita and begs him to leave as the place will blow up any minute. Isagani instead runs up to the house, seizes the fatal lamp, and throws it in the river where it detonates.

Chapter 36: The Predicaments of Ben Zayb (Apuros de Ben Zaib) - Being a journalist, Ben Zayb should write about the incident at the reception but is prohibited on the orders of the Governor General. Bandits raid a villa along the Pasig River and are arrested. Simoun is implicated and his house is raided where sacks of gunpowder and cartridges are discovered.

Chapter 37: The Mystery (El misterio) - Isagani pieces together the tales about the incident of the previous night. It becomes clear that the perpetrator is not the friars, Quiroga nor the students but Simoun the jeweller. The guardia civil is hot on his heel now.

Chapter 38: A Trick of Fate (Fatalidad) - The guardia civil brings back in droves the bandits overtaken in the pursuit. At midway, a fierce encounter with the bandits ensues, killing their leader Tandang Selo. Tano, one of the civil guards, inspects the leader's slain body and recognizes his own grandfather.

Chapter 39: The Final Chapter (El ultimo capitulo) - Wounded and a fugitive from justice, Simoun takes refuge in the mountain retreat house of Padre Florentino bearing with him his treasure chest. He takes poison in order not to fall into anyone's hands alive. Dying, he asks the good priest why God did not grant his plan directed at getÝng justice. The priest replies that God cannot approve the means he had chosen. If ever, the country will not be saved through fomenting crime and vices, it should be based on virtue. Seeing Simoun dead, Padre Florentino takes the dead man's treasure and hurls it to the sea

José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda, more popularly known as Jose Rizal, was a Filipino nationalist, writer, and revolutionary who is considered the national hero of the Philippines. He is regarded as one of the key figures in the Philippine revolution against Spanish colonial rule, although he was not directly involved in the fighting. His work, intellect, and writing inspired Filipinos to seek independence and helped to spark the revolutionary movements that ultimately led to the country’s freedom.

Key Contributions to Philippine Nationalism:

Literary Works

• Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891) are two of Rizal's most significant novels, which criticized the Spanish colonial government and the Catholic Church’s influence over the Philippines. The novels revealed the injustices and oppression Filipinos faced under Spanish rule, helping ignite the call for reform.

• Rizal's works educated Filipinos about their rights and the power of unity, and     they laid the intellectual foundation for the Philippine Revolution.

Reform Advocacy:

• Rizal advocated for peaceful reforms rather than violent revolution. He called for political and social reforms, such as representation in the Spanish Cortes (parliament), the abolition of the forced labor system, and religious tolerance.

•  He was one of the founders of the La Liga Filipina, a reformist group aiming for peaceful political change and economic improvement.

Martyrdom and Legacy:

•  In 1896, Rizal was executed by firing squad at Bagumbayan (now Luneta Park) on charges of sedition, despite not being directly involved in the revolution. His death galvanized Filipinos and became a rallying point for independence.

• Rizal's death elevated him to the status of a martyr, and his life and writings continue to inspire Filipinos in their pursuit of freedom and national identity.

Impact on Philippine Nationalism:

• Rizal's influence extended beyond his lifetime. His ideas encouraged other nationalist leaders like Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo to take up arms against Spanish rule.

• His promotion of Filipino pride, identity, and unity laid the foundation for the Philippine Independence Movement.

• The Rizal Day on December 30 is commemorated every year in the Philippines, recognizing his contributions to the country's fight for independence.