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A Level Philosophy
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Introduction
AQA Specification
Philosophical Reasoning
Unit 1: Epistemology
Types of Knowledge
Defining Knowledge
Socrates, Plato, and the Tripartite Definition of Knowledge
Issues with the Tripartite Definition
Infallibilism
No False Lemmas
Reliabilism
Virtue Epistemology
Perception as a Source of Knowledge
Direct Realism
Indirect Realism
Primary and Secondary Qualities
Issues with Indirect Realism
Defending Indirect Realism
Idealism
Evaluating Idealism
Rationalism and Innate Ideas
Discussing Innatism
Sense Impressions and Concepts
Intuition and Deduction
Hume's Fork
Descartes' Cogito
Descartes' Proofs of God
Descartes' Proof of the External World
Introduction to Scepticism
Cartesian Scepticism
Descartes' Response to Scepticism
Empiricist Responses to Scepticism
The Appeal to Ordinary Language
The Appeal to Common Sense and Reliabilism
Unit 3: Metaphysics of God
Natural and Revealed Theology
God as Eternal or Everlasting
The Incoherence of the Concept of God
Introduction to Arguments for the Existence of God
Introduction to Teleological / Design Arguments
Hume and Paley
More Criticisms of Teleological Arguments and Swinburne's Response
Introduction to Cosmological Arguments
Cosmological Arguments: Copleston & Descartes
Cosmological Arguments from Contingency
The Russell - Copleston Debate
Issues with Cosmological Arguments
Ontological Arguments
Evaluating Ontological Arguments
Malcolm's Ontological Argument
Introduction to the Problem of Evil
The Irenaeus-Hick Theodicy
Free Will & Evil
The Augustinian Theodicy
Introduction to Religious Language
Ayer's Verification Principle
John Hick and Eschatological Verification
Falsification and the University Debate
Defending Religious Language
Sophie's World
A Level Philosophy
Ayer's Verification Principle
Philosophy - Ayer's Verification Principle
Ayer - Excerpt from Language, Truth and Logic.pdf
Ayer on Religious Language - Royal Institute of Philosophy
Here is a brief introduction to Ayer's radical criticism of religious belief. According to Ayer, a sentence like ‘God exists’ doesn't assert something false; rather, it fails to assert anything at all.
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Ayer - Excerpt from Language, Truth and Logic.pdf
Ayer - Excerpt from Language, Truth and Logic.pdf