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A Level Biology
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Module 1 - Practical skills in Biology
1.1 Practical skills in exam
1.1.1 Planning
1.1.2 Implementing
1.1.3 Analysis
1.1.4 Evaluation
1.1.4 (a) evaluate results and draw conclusions
1.1.4 (b) Identify anomolies in experimental measurements
1.1.4 (c) Limitations in experimental proceedures.
1.1.4 (d) Precision, accuracy, margins of error
1.1.4 (e) refining of experimental design
Drawing Tables and Graphs
Drawing tables
Drawing graphs
Measurements
Useful terms in measurements
Units
Uncertainties
Recording and presenting measurements
Significant figures
Errors and Anomolies
Practical assessment groups
PAG 1 - Microscopy
PAG 2 - Dissection
PAG 3 Sampling techniques
PAG 4 Rates of enzyme controlled reactions
PAG 5 Colorimeter or potometer
PAG 6 Chromatography OR electrophoresis
PAG 7 Microbial Techniques
PAG 8 Transport in and out of cells
PAG 9 Qualitative testing
PAG 10 Investigation using a data logger or computer modelling.
PAG 11 Investigation into the measurement of plant or animal responses.
PAG 12 Research Skills
Common Practical Assessment Criteria
Competency 1 - Follows Written proceedures
Competency 2 - Applies investigative approaches with equipment
Competency 3 - Safely uses a range of equipment and materials
Competency 4 - Makes and records observations
Competency 5 - researches, references and reports.
Module 2 - Foundations in biology.
2.1.1 Cell Structure
2.1.1 (a) Microscopes
2.1.1.(b) Microscope Slides
2.1.1 (c) Staining microscope slides
2.1.1 (d) Use drawings to represent a cell or cells in tissue
2.1.1 (e) The use and manipulation of the magnification formula.
2.1.1 (f) The difference between magnification and resolution
2.1.1 (g) The ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells and functions of component
2.1.1 (h) Photomicrographs of cellular components in eukaryotic cells
2.1.1 (i) Interrelationship between organelles to produce proteins
2.1.1 (j) The importance of the cytoskeleton
2.1.1 (k) similarities and differences in eukryote and prokaryote structure
2.1.2 Biological molecules
2.1.2 (a) Properties of water and roles in living organisms.
2.1.2 (b) Condensation and hydrolysis in monomers and biological polymers.
2.1.2 (c) Chemical elements that make up biological molecules.
2.1.2 (d) Hexose and pentose monosaccharides.
2.1.2 (e) Formation and breakdown of glycosidic bonds.
2.1.2 (f) Structure of starch, glycogen and cellulose molecules.
2.1.2 (g) How structures of carbohydrates relate to their function.
2.1.2 (h) The structure of a triglyceride and phospholipid.
2.1.2 (i) The synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides.
2.1.2 (j) Bio properties of triglyceride, phosphlipids and cholesterols.
2.1.2 (k) The general structure of an amino acid.
2.1.2 (l) synthesis and breakdown of dipeptides and polypeptides.
2.1.2 (m) The levels of protein structure.
2.1.2 (n) Structure and function of globular proteins.
2.1.2 (o) Properties and functions of Fibrous proteins
2.1.2 (p) key inorganic ions in biological processes.
2.1.2 (q) Carry out and interpret chemical tests.
2.1.2 (q) i Biuret test for proteins.
2.1.2 (q) ii Benedicts test for reducing and non-reducing sugars.
2.1.2 (q) iii Reagent test strips for reducing sugars.
2.1.2 (q) iv Iodine test for starch.
2.1.2 (q) v Emulsion test for lipids
2.1.2 (r) Quantitative methods to determine concentrations of substances
2.1.2 (s) i Paper and thin layer chromotography.
2.1.2 (s) ii Practicals using paper and thin layer chromatography.
2.1.3 Nucleotides and nucleic acids
2.1.3 (a) Structure of a nucleotide
2.1.3 (b) the synthesis and breakdown of polynucleotides.
2.1.3 (c) Structure of ADP and ATP as phosphorylated nucleotides
2.1.3 (d) i The structure of DNA and it's purification.
2.1.3 (e) Semi-conservative DNA replication.
2.1.3 (f) The nature of the genetic code.
2.1.3 (g) transcription and translation of genes synthesis of polypeptides
2.1.4 Enzymes
2.1.4 (a) The role of enzymes in metabolism.
2.1.4 (b) The role of enzymes in catalysing intercellular and extracellular
2.1.4 (c) The mechanism of enzyme action
2.1.4 (d) i The effects of pH, Temp, enzyme conc and substrate conc
2.1.4 (d) ii Practical investigations into enzyme activity.
2.1.4 (e) Co-enzymes, co-factors and prosthetic groups
2.1.4 (f) the effects of inhibitors on the rate of enzymatic reactions.
2.1.5 Biological Membranes
2.1.6 Cell division, cell diversity and cellular organisation
2.1.6 (f) The significance of meiosis in life cycles
2.1.6 (g) The stages of Meiosis
Untitled page
Module 3 - Exchange and transport
3.1.1 Exchange surfaces
3.1.2 Transport in animals
3.1.2 (a) The need for a transport system.
3.1.2 (b) the different types of circulatory systems
3.1.2 (c) structure and functions of arteries, arterioles, capillaries,
3.1.2 (d) the formation of tissue fluid from plasma
3.1.2 (e) i The external and internal structure of the mammalian heart
3.1.2 (e) ii The dissection and drawing of the mammalian heart
3.1.2 (f) the cardiac cycle
3.1.2 (g) how heart action is initiated and coordinated
3.1.2 (h) the use and interpretation of electrocardiogram (ECG) traces
3.1.2 (i) the role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
3.1.2 (j) oxygen dissociation curve for fetal and adult human haemoglobin
3.1.3 Transport in animals
Module 4 - Biodiversity, evolution and disease.
4.1.1 Communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system.
4.2.1 Biodiversity
4.2.2 Classification and evolution
4.2.2 (c) ii Three new domains of classification.
Module 5 - Communication, homeostasis and energy.
5.1 Communication and homeostasis
5.1.1 Communication and homeostasis
5.1.2 Excretion as an example of homeostatic control.
5.1.3 Neuronal communication
5.1.4 Hormonal communication
5.1.5 Plant and animal responses
5.2 Energy for biological processes
5.2.1 Photosynthesis
5.2.2 Respiration
5.2.2 (h) The chemiosmotic theory.
Module 6 - Genetics, evolution and ecosystems
6.1 Genetics and evolution
6.1.1 Cellular control
6.1.1 (a) Gene mutations
6.1.1 (b) i Regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level
6.1.1 (b) ii Regulation at the post-transcriptional level
6.1.1 (b) iii Regulation at the post-translational level.
6.1.1 (c) Genetic control of development
6.1.1 (d) Mitosis and apoptosis in development
6.1.2 Patterns of inheritance
6.1.2 a (i) Environmental and Genetic factors contribute to phenotypes
6.1.2 a) ii) Sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation
6.1.2 b(i) Genetic diagrams
6.1.2 b ii) using phenotypic ratios to identify linkage and epistasis.
6.1.2 c) using the chi-squared test to test expected results.
6.1.2 (d) The genetic basis of continuous and discontinuous variation.
6.1.3 Manipulating genomes
6.2 Cloning and Biotechnology
6.2.1 Cloning and biotechnology
6.3 Ecosystems
6.3.1 Ecosystems
6.3.2 Populations and sustainability
Mathematical skills
Formulae used in A level Biology
Critical value tables
M0 Arithmetic and numerical computations
M0.1 Using appropriate units
M0.2 Recognise and use expressions in decimal and standard form
M0.3 Use ratios, fractions and percentages
M0.4 Estimate results
M0.5 Use calculators to find and use power, exponential and log fun
M1 - Handling data
M1.1 Use and appropriate number of significant figures.
M1.2 Find arithmetic means
M1.3 Construct and interpret tables, diagrams, charts.
M1.4 Understand simple probability
M1.5 Understand the principles of sampling as applied to scientific data
M1.6 Understand the terms mean, median and mode
M1.7 Use a scatter diagram to identify a correlation between two variables.
M1.8 Make order of magnitude calculations (magnification)
M1.9 Select and use a statistical test
M1.10 Understand measures of dispersion - standard deviation and range
M1.11 Uncertainties in measurements and when data is combined.
M2 - Algebra
M2.1 Understand and use these symbols
M2.2 Change the subject of an equation.
M2.3 Substitute numerical values into algebraic equations (incl units)
M2.4 Solve algebraic equations
M2.5 Use logarithms
M3 - Graphs
M3.1 Translate information between graphical, numerical and algebraic forms
M3.2 Plot variables from experimental or other data.
M3.3 Understand that y = mx + c represents a linear relationship.
M3.4 Determine the intercept of a graph.
M3.5 Calculate rate of change from a graph showing a linear relationship.
M3.6 Draw and use the slope of a tangent to a curve (for rate of change).
M4 - Geometry and trigonometry
M4.1 Calculate circumference, Surface areas and volumes of regular shapes.
A Level Biology
Home
Module 1 - Practical skills in Biology
1.1 Practical skills in exam
1.1.1 Planning
1.1.2 Implementing
1.1.3 Analysis
1.1.4 Evaluation
1.1.4 (a) evaluate results and draw conclusions
1.1.4 (b) Identify anomolies in experimental measurements
1.1.4 (c) Limitations in experimental proceedures.
1.1.4 (d) Precision, accuracy, margins of error
1.1.4 (e) refining of experimental design
Drawing Tables and Graphs
Drawing tables
Drawing graphs
Measurements
Useful terms in measurements
Units
Uncertainties
Recording and presenting measurements
Significant figures
Errors and Anomolies
Practical assessment groups
PAG 1 - Microscopy
PAG 2 - Dissection
PAG 3 Sampling techniques
PAG 4 Rates of enzyme controlled reactions
PAG 5 Colorimeter or potometer
PAG 6 Chromatography OR electrophoresis
PAG 7 Microbial Techniques
PAG 8 Transport in and out of cells
PAG 9 Qualitative testing
PAG 10 Investigation using a data logger or computer modelling.
PAG 11 Investigation into the measurement of plant or animal responses.
PAG 12 Research Skills
Common Practical Assessment Criteria
Competency 1 - Follows Written proceedures
Competency 2 - Applies investigative approaches with equipment
Competency 3 - Safely uses a range of equipment and materials
Competency 4 - Makes and records observations
Competency 5 - researches, references and reports.
Module 2 - Foundations in biology.
2.1.1 Cell Structure
2.1.1 (a) Microscopes
2.1.1.(b) Microscope Slides
2.1.1 (c) Staining microscope slides
2.1.1 (d) Use drawings to represent a cell or cells in tissue
2.1.1 (e) The use and manipulation of the magnification formula.
2.1.1 (f) The difference between magnification and resolution
2.1.1 (g) The ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells and functions of component
2.1.1 (h) Photomicrographs of cellular components in eukaryotic cells
2.1.1 (i) Interrelationship between organelles to produce proteins
2.1.1 (j) The importance of the cytoskeleton
2.1.1 (k) similarities and differences in eukryote and prokaryote structure
2.1.2 Biological molecules
2.1.2 (a) Properties of water and roles in living organisms.
2.1.2 (b) Condensation and hydrolysis in monomers and biological polymers.
2.1.2 (c) Chemical elements that make up biological molecules.
2.1.2 (d) Hexose and pentose monosaccharides.
2.1.2 (e) Formation and breakdown of glycosidic bonds.
2.1.2 (f) Structure of starch, glycogen and cellulose molecules.
2.1.2 (g) How structures of carbohydrates relate to their function.
2.1.2 (h) The structure of a triglyceride and phospholipid.
2.1.2 (i) The synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides.
2.1.2 (j) Bio properties of triglyceride, phosphlipids and cholesterols.
2.1.2 (k) The general structure of an amino acid.
2.1.2 (l) synthesis and breakdown of dipeptides and polypeptides.
2.1.2 (m) The levels of protein structure.
2.1.2 (n) Structure and function of globular proteins.
2.1.2 (o) Properties and functions of Fibrous proteins
2.1.2 (p) key inorganic ions in biological processes.
2.1.2 (q) Carry out and interpret chemical tests.
2.1.2 (q) i Biuret test for proteins.
2.1.2 (q) ii Benedicts test for reducing and non-reducing sugars.
2.1.2 (q) iii Reagent test strips for reducing sugars.
2.1.2 (q) iv Iodine test for starch.
2.1.2 (q) v Emulsion test for lipids
2.1.2 (r) Quantitative methods to determine concentrations of substances
2.1.2 (s) i Paper and thin layer chromotography.
2.1.2 (s) ii Practicals using paper and thin layer chromatography.
2.1.3 Nucleotides and nucleic acids
2.1.3 (a) Structure of a nucleotide
2.1.3 (b) the synthesis and breakdown of polynucleotides.
2.1.3 (c) Structure of ADP and ATP as phosphorylated nucleotides
2.1.3 (d) i The structure of DNA and it's purification.
2.1.3 (e) Semi-conservative DNA replication.
2.1.3 (f) The nature of the genetic code.
2.1.3 (g) transcription and translation of genes synthesis of polypeptides
2.1.4 Enzymes
2.1.4 (a) The role of enzymes in metabolism.
2.1.4 (b) The role of enzymes in catalysing intercellular and extracellular
2.1.4 (c) The mechanism of enzyme action
2.1.4 (d) i The effects of pH, Temp, enzyme conc and substrate conc
2.1.4 (d) ii Practical investigations into enzyme activity.
2.1.4 (e) Co-enzymes, co-factors and prosthetic groups
2.1.4 (f) the effects of inhibitors on the rate of enzymatic reactions.
2.1.5 Biological Membranes
2.1.6 Cell division, cell diversity and cellular organisation
2.1.6 (f) The significance of meiosis in life cycles
2.1.6 (g) The stages of Meiosis
Untitled page
Module 3 - Exchange and transport
3.1.1 Exchange surfaces
3.1.2 Transport in animals
3.1.2 (a) The need for a transport system.
3.1.2 (b) the different types of circulatory systems
3.1.2 (c) structure and functions of arteries, arterioles, capillaries,
3.1.2 (d) the formation of tissue fluid from plasma
3.1.2 (e) i The external and internal structure of the mammalian heart
3.1.2 (e) ii The dissection and drawing of the mammalian heart
3.1.2 (f) the cardiac cycle
3.1.2 (g) how heart action is initiated and coordinated
3.1.2 (h) the use and interpretation of electrocardiogram (ECG) traces
3.1.2 (i) the role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
3.1.2 (j) oxygen dissociation curve for fetal and adult human haemoglobin
3.1.3 Transport in animals
Module 4 - Biodiversity, evolution and disease.
4.1.1 Communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system.
4.2.1 Biodiversity
4.2.2 Classification and evolution
4.2.2 (c) ii Three new domains of classification.
Module 5 - Communication, homeostasis and energy.
5.1 Communication and homeostasis
5.1.1 Communication and homeostasis
5.1.2 Excretion as an example of homeostatic control.
5.1.3 Neuronal communication
5.1.4 Hormonal communication
5.1.5 Plant and animal responses
5.2 Energy for biological processes
5.2.1 Photosynthesis
5.2.2 Respiration
5.2.2 (h) The chemiosmotic theory.
Module 6 - Genetics, evolution and ecosystems
6.1 Genetics and evolution
6.1.1 Cellular control
6.1.1 (a) Gene mutations
6.1.1 (b) i Regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level
6.1.1 (b) ii Regulation at the post-transcriptional level
6.1.1 (b) iii Regulation at the post-translational level.
6.1.1 (c) Genetic control of development
6.1.1 (d) Mitosis and apoptosis in development
6.1.2 Patterns of inheritance
6.1.2 a (i) Environmental and Genetic factors contribute to phenotypes
6.1.2 a) ii) Sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation
6.1.2 b(i) Genetic diagrams
6.1.2 b ii) using phenotypic ratios to identify linkage and epistasis.
6.1.2 c) using the chi-squared test to test expected results.
6.1.2 (d) The genetic basis of continuous and discontinuous variation.
6.1.3 Manipulating genomes
6.2 Cloning and Biotechnology
6.2.1 Cloning and biotechnology
6.3 Ecosystems
6.3.1 Ecosystems
6.3.2 Populations and sustainability
Mathematical skills
Formulae used in A level Biology
Critical value tables
M0 Arithmetic and numerical computations
M0.1 Using appropriate units
M0.2 Recognise and use expressions in decimal and standard form
M0.3 Use ratios, fractions and percentages
M0.4 Estimate results
M0.5 Use calculators to find and use power, exponential and log fun
M1 - Handling data
M1.1 Use and appropriate number of significant figures.
M1.2 Find arithmetic means
M1.3 Construct and interpret tables, diagrams, charts.
M1.4 Understand simple probability
M1.5 Understand the principles of sampling as applied to scientific data
M1.6 Understand the terms mean, median and mode
M1.7 Use a scatter diagram to identify a correlation between two variables.
M1.8 Make order of magnitude calculations (magnification)
M1.9 Select and use a statistical test
M1.10 Understand measures of dispersion - standard deviation and range
M1.11 Uncertainties in measurements and when data is combined.
M2 - Algebra
M2.1 Understand and use these symbols
M2.2 Change the subject of an equation.
M2.3 Substitute numerical values into algebraic equations (incl units)
M2.4 Solve algebraic equations
M2.5 Use logarithms
M3 - Graphs
M3.1 Translate information between graphical, numerical and algebraic forms
M3.2 Plot variables from experimental or other data.
M3.3 Understand that y = mx + c represents a linear relationship.
M3.4 Determine the intercept of a graph.
M3.5 Calculate rate of change from a graph showing a linear relationship.
M3.6 Draw and use the slope of a tangent to a curve (for rate of change).
M4 - Geometry and trigonometry
M4.1 Calculate circumference, Surface areas and volumes of regular shapes.
More
Home
Module 1 - Practical skills in Biology
1.1 Practical skills in exam
1.1.1 Planning
1.1.2 Implementing
1.1.3 Analysis
1.1.4 Evaluation
1.1.4 (a) evaluate results and draw conclusions
1.1.4 (b) Identify anomolies in experimental measurements
1.1.4 (c) Limitations in experimental proceedures.
1.1.4 (d) Precision, accuracy, margins of error
1.1.4 (e) refining of experimental design
Drawing Tables and Graphs
Drawing tables
Drawing graphs
Measurements
Useful terms in measurements
Units
Uncertainties
Recording and presenting measurements
Significant figures
Errors and Anomolies
Practical assessment groups
PAG 1 - Microscopy
PAG 2 - Dissection
PAG 3 Sampling techniques
PAG 4 Rates of enzyme controlled reactions
PAG 5 Colorimeter or potometer
PAG 6 Chromatography OR electrophoresis
PAG 7 Microbial Techniques
PAG 8 Transport in and out of cells
PAG 9 Qualitative testing
PAG 10 Investigation using a data logger or computer modelling.
PAG 11 Investigation into the measurement of plant or animal responses.
PAG 12 Research Skills
Common Practical Assessment Criteria
Competency 1 - Follows Written proceedures
Competency 2 - Applies investigative approaches with equipment
Competency 3 - Safely uses a range of equipment and materials
Competency 4 - Makes and records observations
Competency 5 - researches, references and reports.
Module 2 - Foundations in biology.
2.1.1 Cell Structure
2.1.1 (a) Microscopes
2.1.1.(b) Microscope Slides
2.1.1 (c) Staining microscope slides
2.1.1 (d) Use drawings to represent a cell or cells in tissue
2.1.1 (e) The use and manipulation of the magnification formula.
2.1.1 (f) The difference between magnification and resolution
2.1.1 (g) The ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells and functions of component
2.1.1 (h) Photomicrographs of cellular components in eukaryotic cells
2.1.1 (i) Interrelationship between organelles to produce proteins
2.1.1 (j) The importance of the cytoskeleton
2.1.1 (k) similarities and differences in eukryote and prokaryote structure
2.1.2 Biological molecules
2.1.2 (a) Properties of water and roles in living organisms.
2.1.2 (b) Condensation and hydrolysis in monomers and biological polymers.
2.1.2 (c) Chemical elements that make up biological molecules.
2.1.2 (d) Hexose and pentose monosaccharides.
2.1.2 (e) Formation and breakdown of glycosidic bonds.
2.1.2 (f) Structure of starch, glycogen and cellulose molecules.
2.1.2 (g) How structures of carbohydrates relate to their function.
2.1.2 (h) The structure of a triglyceride and phospholipid.
2.1.2 (i) The synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides.
2.1.2 (j) Bio properties of triglyceride, phosphlipids and cholesterols.
2.1.2 (k) The general structure of an amino acid.
2.1.2 (l) synthesis and breakdown of dipeptides and polypeptides.
2.1.2 (m) The levels of protein structure.
2.1.2 (n) Structure and function of globular proteins.
2.1.2 (o) Properties and functions of Fibrous proteins
2.1.2 (p) key inorganic ions in biological processes.
2.1.2 (q) Carry out and interpret chemical tests.
2.1.2 (q) i Biuret test for proteins.
2.1.2 (q) ii Benedicts test for reducing and non-reducing sugars.
2.1.2 (q) iii Reagent test strips for reducing sugars.
2.1.2 (q) iv Iodine test for starch.
2.1.2 (q) v Emulsion test for lipids
2.1.2 (r) Quantitative methods to determine concentrations of substances
2.1.2 (s) i Paper and thin layer chromotography.
2.1.2 (s) ii Practicals using paper and thin layer chromatography.
2.1.3 Nucleotides and nucleic acids
2.1.3 (a) Structure of a nucleotide
2.1.3 (b) the synthesis and breakdown of polynucleotides.
2.1.3 (c) Structure of ADP and ATP as phosphorylated nucleotides
2.1.3 (d) i The structure of DNA and it's purification.
2.1.3 (e) Semi-conservative DNA replication.
2.1.3 (f) The nature of the genetic code.
2.1.3 (g) transcription and translation of genes synthesis of polypeptides
2.1.4 Enzymes
2.1.4 (a) The role of enzymes in metabolism.
2.1.4 (b) The role of enzymes in catalysing intercellular and extracellular
2.1.4 (c) The mechanism of enzyme action
2.1.4 (d) i The effects of pH, Temp, enzyme conc and substrate conc
2.1.4 (d) ii Practical investigations into enzyme activity.
2.1.4 (e) Co-enzymes, co-factors and prosthetic groups
2.1.4 (f) the effects of inhibitors on the rate of enzymatic reactions.
2.1.5 Biological Membranes
2.1.6 Cell division, cell diversity and cellular organisation
2.1.6 (f) The significance of meiosis in life cycles
2.1.6 (g) The stages of Meiosis
Untitled page
Module 3 - Exchange and transport
3.1.1 Exchange surfaces
3.1.2 Transport in animals
3.1.2 (a) The need for a transport system.
3.1.2 (b) the different types of circulatory systems
3.1.2 (c) structure and functions of arteries, arterioles, capillaries,
3.1.2 (d) the formation of tissue fluid from plasma
3.1.2 (e) i The external and internal structure of the mammalian heart
3.1.2 (e) ii The dissection and drawing of the mammalian heart
3.1.2 (f) the cardiac cycle
3.1.2 (g) how heart action is initiated and coordinated
3.1.2 (h) the use and interpretation of electrocardiogram (ECG) traces
3.1.2 (i) the role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
3.1.2 (j) oxygen dissociation curve for fetal and adult human haemoglobin
3.1.3 Transport in animals
Module 4 - Biodiversity, evolution and disease.
4.1.1 Communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system.
4.2.1 Biodiversity
4.2.2 Classification and evolution
4.2.2 (c) ii Three new domains of classification.
Module 5 - Communication, homeostasis and energy.
5.1 Communication and homeostasis
5.1.1 Communication and homeostasis
5.1.2 Excretion as an example of homeostatic control.
5.1.3 Neuronal communication
5.1.4 Hormonal communication
5.1.5 Plant and animal responses
5.2 Energy for biological processes
5.2.1 Photosynthesis
5.2.2 Respiration
5.2.2 (h) The chemiosmotic theory.
Module 6 - Genetics, evolution and ecosystems
6.1 Genetics and evolution
6.1.1 Cellular control
6.1.1 (a) Gene mutations
6.1.1 (b) i Regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level
6.1.1 (b) ii Regulation at the post-transcriptional level
6.1.1 (b) iii Regulation at the post-translational level.
6.1.1 (c) Genetic control of development
6.1.1 (d) Mitosis and apoptosis in development
6.1.2 Patterns of inheritance
6.1.2 a (i) Environmental and Genetic factors contribute to phenotypes
6.1.2 a) ii) Sexual reproduction leads to genetic variation
6.1.2 b(i) Genetic diagrams
6.1.2 b ii) using phenotypic ratios to identify linkage and epistasis.
6.1.2 c) using the chi-squared test to test expected results.
6.1.2 (d) The genetic basis of continuous and discontinuous variation.
6.1.3 Manipulating genomes
6.2 Cloning and Biotechnology
6.2.1 Cloning and biotechnology
6.3 Ecosystems
6.3.1 Ecosystems
6.3.2 Populations and sustainability
Mathematical skills
Formulae used in A level Biology
Critical value tables
M0 Arithmetic and numerical computations
M0.1 Using appropriate units
M0.2 Recognise and use expressions in decimal and standard form
M0.3 Use ratios, fractions and percentages
M0.4 Estimate results
M0.5 Use calculators to find and use power, exponential and log fun
M1 - Handling data
M1.1 Use and appropriate number of significant figures.
M1.2 Find arithmetic means
M1.3 Construct and interpret tables, diagrams, charts.
M1.4 Understand simple probability
M1.5 Understand the principles of sampling as applied to scientific data
M1.6 Understand the terms mean, median and mode
M1.7 Use a scatter diagram to identify a correlation between two variables.
M1.8 Make order of magnitude calculations (magnification)
M1.9 Select and use a statistical test
M1.10 Understand measures of dispersion - standard deviation and range
M1.11 Uncertainties in measurements and when data is combined.
M2 - Algebra
M2.1 Understand and use these symbols
M2.2 Change the subject of an equation.
M2.3 Substitute numerical values into algebraic equations (incl units)
M2.4 Solve algebraic equations
M2.5 Use logarithms
M3 - Graphs
M3.1 Translate information between graphical, numerical and algebraic forms
M3.2 Plot variables from experimental or other data.
M3.3 Understand that y = mx + c represents a linear relationship.
M3.4 Determine the intercept of a graph.
M3.5 Calculate rate of change from a graph showing a linear relationship.
M3.6 Draw and use the slope of a tangent to a curve (for rate of change).
M4 - Geometry and trigonometry
M4.1 Calculate circumference, Surface areas and volumes of regular shapes.
PAG 7 Microbial Techniques
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