[Extra Quality] Tragedy Of Errors East Pakistan Crisis 1968 1971 Kamal Matinuddin

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The Disintegration of Pakistan: A Review of Kamal Matinuddin's Tragedy of Errors

Kamal Matinuddin, a retired lieutenant general of the Pakistan army and a former ambassador, has written a monumental and comprehensive book on the East Pakistan crisis that led to the creation of Bangladesh in 1971. The book, titled Tragedy of Errors: East Pakistan Crisis, 1968-1971, is based on in-depth research and interviews with key players and witnesses of the events. Matinuddin provides a clear and candid view into the disintegration of the house that Jinnah built, and analyzes the political, economic, social, and military factors that contributed to the tragedy.

The book covers the historical background of the partition of India and the formation of Pakistan as a two-winged state, separated by more than a thousand miles of Indian territory. It traces the evolution of the Bengali nationalist movement under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his Awami League party, which demanded greater autonomy and representation for East Pakistan. It also examines the role of various actors and institutions in West Pakistan, such as President Ayub Khan, General Yahya Khan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the army, the bureaucracy, and the media, in dealing with the East Pakistan crisis.

Matinuddin gives a detailed account of the political developments that led to the 1970 general elections, which were supposed to be a milestone in Pakistan's transition to democracy. He shows how the Awami League won a landslide victory in East Pakistan, securing 167 out of 169 seats there and a majority in the national assembly. He also explains how Bhutto's Pakistan People's Party emerged as the largest party in West Pakistan, winning 81 out of 138 seats there. He reveals how Bhutto refused to accept the results and demanded a constitutional settlement that would give him equal power with Mujib.

The book then describes the breakdown of negotiations between Mujib and Bhutto, and between Mujib and Yahya Khan, who had taken over as president and chief martial law administrator after Ayub Khan's resignation in 1969. Matinuddin exposes how Yahya Khan and his advisers planned and executed a military crackdown on East Pakistan on March 25, 1971, code-named Operation Searchlight. He narrates how the Pakistani army unleashed a reign of terror on the Bengali population, killing thousands of civilians, arresting and torturing political leaders and activists, destroying infrastructure and property, and creating millions of refugees.

Matinuddin also chronicles the resistance movement that emerged in East Pakistan after the crackdown, led by Mujib's deputy Tajuddin Ahmad and supported by India. He details how the Bengali guerrilla fighters, known as Mukti Bahini (freedom fighters), waged a war of liberation against the Pakistani army, with assistance from Indian intelligence agencies and training camps. He also documents how India intervened militarily in December 1971, after facing an influx of refugees and a diplomatic stalemate. He recounts how India launched a two-front war against Pakistan, capturing Dhaka on December 16, 1971, and forcing Yahya Khan to surrender and accept the independence of Bangladesh.

The book concludes with an assessment of the causes and consequences of the tragedy of errors that resulted in the breakup of Pakistan. Matinuddin argues that the main cause was the failure of leadership on both sides to understand and accommodate each other's aspirations and grievances. He also blames the lack of democracy, civil society, and national integration in Pakistan for creating a fertile ground for secessionism. He laments that Pakistan lost its eastern wing due to its own mistakes and miscalculations, rather than external factors. He warns that Pakistan must learn from its past errors and avoid repeating them in its present and future dealings with its provinces and neighbors.

Tragedy of Errors: East Pakistan Crisis, 1968-1971 is a valuable contribution to the literature on one of the most tragic episodes in South Asian history. It is written with authority, insight, and objectivity by an insider who witnessed some of the events firsthand. It is also written with sensitivity, compassion, and remorse by a patriot who regrets the loss of his countrymen. It is 66dfd1ed39

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