Publications

This paper examines how cutting-edge technology, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), can provide a sustainable and cost-effective method of monitoring multiple water parameters in real-time. The proposed system was used to calculate the turbidity, TDS, pH level, and temperature of 30 different water samples with success. The turbidity level was measured in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) and then transmitted via wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) networks to an Internet of Things—cloud computing platform, where it could be viewed using an Android smartphone or PC. The experiments demonstrated that the monitoring system was capable of continuously monitoring the pH level, total dissolved solids (TDS), and temperature of water from various sources at different times, thereby providing safe water for industrial, agricultural, and commercial purposes. The cost and complexity of implementation are minimal due to the use of sensors and the Arduino Nano microcontroller, making it simple to validate the efficacy of the built system 

Gloss perception is a complex psychovisual phenomenon, whose mechanisms are not yet fully explained. Instrumentally measured surface reflectance is usually poor predictor of human perception of gloss. The state-of-the-art studies demonstrate that, in addition to surface reflectance, object’s shape and illumination geometry also affect the magnitude of gloss perceived by the human visual system (HVS). Recent studies attribute this to image cues—the specific regularities in image statistics that are generated by a combination of these physical properties, and that, in their part, are proposedly used by the HVS for assessing gloss. Another study has recently demonstrated that subsurface scattering of light is an additional factor that can play the role in perceived gloss, but the study provides limited explanation of this phenomenon. In this work, we aimed to shed more light to this observation and explain why translucency impacts perceived gloss, and why this impact varies among shapes. We conducted four psychophysical experiments in order to explore whether image cues typical for opaque objects also explain the variation of perceived gloss in translucent objects and to quantify how these cues are modulated by the subsurface scattering properties. We found that perceived contrast, coverage area, and sharpness of the highlights can be combined to reliably predict perceived gloss. While sharpness is the most significant cue for assessing glossiness of spherical objects, coverage is more important for a complex Lucy shape. Both of these observations propose an explanation why subsurface scattering albedo impacts perceived gloss. 

Gloss is an important appearance attribute, and its exact perceptual mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. Previous works attempted to model the relationship between optical and perceptual gloss. The state-of-the-art studies demonstrate that the human visual system has a poor ability to recover surface reflectance and perceived gloss rather depends on image cues that are generated by a complex interaction among optical material properties, illumination, object shape and its surface geometry. Therefore, perceptual models defined on a particular shape, such as a sphere, may not generalize to other objects. To investigate shape-specific differences, we conducted a psychophysical experiment with a simple sphere and complex Lucy shapes. We scaled the magnitude of apparent gloss to study how the shape affects perceived gloss, and how the role of optical material properties varies between the shapes. We observed significant cross-shape differences, which we argue can be explained by the analysis of the image cues. 

Contrast is an imperative perceptible attribute embodying the image quality. In medical images, the poor quality, specifically low contrast inhibits precise interpretation of the image. Contrast enhancement is, therefore, applied not merely to improve the visual quality of images but also enabling them to facilitate further processing tasks. In this paper, we propose a contrast enhancement approach based on cross-modal learning using two-way Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), where U-Net augmented with global features acts as a generator. Besides, individual batch normalization has been used to make generators adapt specifically to their input distributions. The proposed method learns the global contrast characteristics of T1-w brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) to improve the contrast of T2-w images. The experiments were conducted on a publicly available IXI dataset. Comparison with recent CE methods and quantitative assessment using two prevalent metrics FSIM and BRISQUE validate the superior performance of the proposed method. 

Energy harvesting is defined as the extraction of a micro-level of energy from an electromagnetic field. The harvested energy can be used to power up any small devices like sensors. In this paper, we have designed a circuit to harvest energy from a dual-tone signal. To transmit the maximum power from the source to load, an impedance matching network is developed. The output load resistance was optimized to evaluate the maximum efficiency for different RF signals. For RF-DC rectification, a two-stage rectifier was developed by using a non-linear diode model, as linear models are not efficient for RF-DC energy conversion. 

A microstrip patch antenna's design and performance analysis for biomedical applications which operating at 2.45 GHz frequency range in ISM Band (2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz) is represented in this paper. The antenna's good-looking feature is the proper thickness and suitable dimension. The special feature of this antenna is to make it perfect for On-body matched biomedical applications. FR4 material is used as the substrate to design the antenna. Individual properties of the Phantom model are perfectly maintained to get proper software simulated result. All the simulations, calculations and parameter results are fit for on-body matched conditions. To design the antenna CST Microwave Studio is used. Impressive S 11 of more than −50 dB for off-body and on-body as well as Specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.0005 W/kg in on-body make the antenna compatible for biomedical application. 

At present, the need for power is paramount. To meet the current necessity of undisrupted power supply, researchers are working on different renewable and green energy sources. For powering up devices, it is required to make the wired connection either with batteries or with a grid line. However, the batteries are subjected to charging and maintenance which makes it difficult to charge it every now and then in conventional ways at locations such as busy roads and remote places. To solve this situation, energy harvesting technique using piezoelectric material can be used. This technique is mainly based on converting mechanical stress into electrical energy by means of low-frequency vibration using piezoelectric effect. In this paper, we have proposed an innovative way to harvest energy by piezoelectric effect in the roads using the vibratory motion of vehicles. There are several works that have been done on harvesting energy from piezoelectric material, but the limitation of this kind of source is a micro level of energy. Our motivation is to provide a circuitry using a boost converter to level up the output voltage and hence increase the efficiency. The circuit comprises of an electrochemical battery, an AC to DC rectifier, and a switchable DC to DC converter that controls the energy flow into the battery. A versatile control strategy for the DC to DC converter is utilized to persistently actualize the ideal power transfer hypothesis and exploit the power stored in the battery. Vibration energy generated by the movement of the vehicle can be converted into electrical energy by the piezo-speed breaker. As a consequence, this stored energy can be used to power up the roadside traffic signal and street lights. The prototype ensures a green energy source that will reduce power generation cost and the usage of fossil fuel. 

In the furtherance of technological evolution, the wireless communication system has its own contribution by providing an expanded number of technological devices among which microstrip antenna occupies a dynamic area. Microstrip antenna field has a variety of features and Global Positioning System (GPS) application is one of them. In this research work, a design has been proposed for civilian GPS (GPS L2 1.2276 GHz Band) utility purpose. The model is a circular patch having a slot and truncation on two sides which has been simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio Suite software. The results obtained from the simulation shows an impressive impedance matching having a return loss of around -31dB, RHCP (Right Hand Circular Polarization) on the desired frequency with a bandwidth coverage of nearly 41 MHz and also an overall gain of 6.55dBi. All these simulated outcomes from this unique proposed design satisfactorily suit with the GPS antenna characteristics.

For conducting any space-related research such as surveillance and communication, launching high power rocket, geographical imaging or even space exploration, it is necessary to know the optimal weather condition at different levels of the atmosphere. One of the most commonly used methods for measuring the atmospheric conditions is using a weather balloon. Of course, this can be done by using modern-day satellite technology. But satellite, for example, provides temperature only on the land surface. As a result, it limits the possibility of providing accurate measurements on temperature profile at different levels of atmosphere or wind speed of the jet stream. An embedded system consists of different sensors is capable of providing profiles of temperature, pressure and relative humidity at different altitude with the help of a helium balloon. In this paper, we have designed and implemented a remotely controlled embedded system. The RF transmitter is linked with the sensors on board of the balloon payload, which sends the measurements back to a ground tracking antenna on a set radio frequency. The display section receives the transmitted data for further processing and acquiring graphical results. In previous research papers on this topic, there was no graphical representation of acquired weather data from the experiment where we have discussed the outcome of the experiment with graphical representation.

Parts of the Norwegian coastline have a dense population of skerries, which can easily lead to collisions of small boats. Bigger vessels have an abundance of navigation systems, Automatic Identification System (AIS), and similar systems. But smaller boats are not regulated by the same laws and are more likely to traverse shallow areas. With a low-cost GPS receiver in conjunction with digitized maps, it will be possible to classify areas as shallow and notify the user. By creating a mobile application, small boats can also get some of the information and warning systems as larger ships now have. Further, it can be possible to incorporate this into a standalone microcontroller with a GPS module. In order to maximize the number of users, the price of such a product needs to be sufficiently low in order to justify the investment. By implementing this concept with a smartphone application, the cost is reduced substantially, as the hardware is readily available. This paper will provide a mobile-based application that sends in coordinates using GPS and other information from the mobile device to the web-based server, which then returns depth data. The mobile application then decides whether you are approaching a safe or dangerous area. This application was tested on Elgeseter Bridge in Trondheim, Norway. Accuracy testing of the GPS modules on mobile phones and an external GPS module (Quectel L80) were carried out and the outcome of those tests are discussed in the result. 

A unique small and flexible antenna operating in Ultra Wide Band (UWB) for Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications is proposed in this article. The overall size of the antenna is 17.0 x 14.0 x 1.07 mm 3 which is compatible to use with off-body, on-body as well as in-body wearable medical devices. The antenna, designed to use for biotelemetry application, has been experienced various performance studies like radiation pattern, bandwidth, directivity, gain, efficiency, Specific Absorption Rate(SAR). Simulation in a different medium which is needed for future implementation, is performed. Both planer and bending conditions are analyzed on and inside the human phantom model designed in CST MW Studio Suite. The designed antenna is aimed to use in the frequency range from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz with a remarkable return loss of -64.625dB for off-body and noteworthy results for on/inbody applications. 

Utilization of microstrip patch array antenna in space borne radar and satellite application is widespread nowadays. An array antenna operating at Ku band (12 GHz to 18 GHz) and K band (18 GHz to 27 GHz) for radar and cube-sat applications is presented in this paper. The designed antenna consists of 64 dual feed radiating elements arranged in a 2×2 sub-array configuration. A block of 16 elements constitute of four 2×2 sub-array are excited with single feed line connected with central feed. All 2×2, 4×4 and 8×8 arrays are analyzed, where 8×8 array illustrates higher bandwidth, high gain and significant return loss with multiple output. To implement the antenna for radar and/or cube-sat application, high gain, high bandwidth and multiple output are the prerequisites, which are achieved here. The performance parameters of the antenna are represented as the tabular form in the appendix section for better understanding. 

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients need continuous monitoring of bio-signals and regular hospital visit to improve health conditions. A portable health monitoring device can provide continuous monitoring of chronic diseases. In this paper, a low-cost health monitoring system is introduced to observe Electrocardiogram (ECG), body temperature and heart-beat. This research illustrates the use of android smartphone and Android applications to process and visualize the ECG signal, heart rate, and temperature. An android application is developed to monitor, store and share this biomedical signal data with an expert to get the fastest treatment. The system can also store the previous data to observe patient's history easily whenever necessary. The design strategy, experimental data with android apps, smartphone synchronization, real-time monitoring have been presented in this paper. The prototype can be utilized to control heart diseases for the people in the underdeveloped area. 

In this article, a new design of a flexible dual mode off/in-body antenna is proposed. The main objectives of this proposed antenna refer to its dual mode operating at 5.7808 GHz & 4.1968 GHz, miniaturized dimension, impressive return loss, higher bandwidth that makes it suitable for WBAN applications. The size of the antenna is 12 mm x 10 mm x 0.52 mm which is appropriate for implantable as well as off-body applications. The performance parameters were scrutinized for functioning the proposed antenna in Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) (5.725 GHz-5.875 GHz) for Off-body communications and Ultra-Wideband (3.1 GHz-10.6 GHz) for implantable applications. A three layers of human phantom model is developed as simulation environment where the antenna is inserted inside the muscle for In-body operation. Biocompatibility test, flexibility and related performance measurements have been utilized using CST Microwave Studio software in both curved and planar states by following different types of dielectric property matching with human tissue model. Finally, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is assessed to check its feasibility and workability in wireless medical applications. 

Environment pollution is one of the foremost and crucial factors affecting lifestyles and health of human, living organisms, natural or built environment. This paper will provide a low cost environmental pollution monitoring system for monitoring the highly toxic gases like (CO 2 ,CO,&CH 4 ), sound pollution, temperature and dust measurements which is designed by observing users' requirement to distinguish and keep away from disclosure to air and noise pollutants. The system consists of multiple gas sensors, dust device, sound sensor and temperature sensor that are integrated into a single platform. This paper will present a brand new system that includes digital hardware for obtaining atmospheric data and software to analyze the results. The designed system can provide calibration of the sensors along with improving the optimization to preserve vitality which results in the improvement of the precision of sensor information. In addition to this, the system is connected to the web via Wi-Fi or customer's tablet or smartphone and can be interfaced to another device for the Internet of Things (IoT) based applications. This work makes an attempt to observe the quality of air and sound of a particular location and send this information to responsible people who will use this information to upgrade the standard of living of local people of that location, which is one of the first ideas about Smart City. The cost and effort of implementation is incredibly cheap and easy as the sensors and the microcontrollers are available in abundant. The online data storage system has extended the user friendly environment by modernizing all existing factors over a general server. The experimental results demonstrate the effectualness of this research work in terms of quick detection and real time response. 

A novel design of a flexible on-body matched microstripline-fed antenna for biomedical applications is proposed in this article. The core feature of the proposed antenna refers to its tiny dimension, bendability, low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) substrate layer, impressive return loss, higher bandwidth that makes it appropriate for on-body matched wireless medical applications. The dimension of the antenna is 13.86 mm × 13.49 mm × 0.35 mm where substrate layer, LTCC layer has the thickness of 0.326 mm and on the other hand, the thickness of the radiating patch is 0.012 mm. The performance of the antenna was analyzed to operate in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band (2.4-2.5 GHz). Three layers of the human phantom model have been proposed as well as biocompatibility test, SAR calculations, flexibility, and several performance measurements have been utilized using CST Microwave Studio software in both curved and planar states by following different types of dielectric property matching with human tissue model. Finally, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is evaluated to check its feasibility and workability in wireless medical applications. 

A unique flexible on-body matched antenna operating in industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band (2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz) for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications is proposed in this article. Considering WBAN antennas, the size of the antenna is 44 mm x 44.5 mm x 1.55 mm and the antenna is subjected to various parameters evaluation, biocompatibility test, specific absorption rate (SAR) calculation and integration with human phantom model. The designed antenna’s characteristics support WBAN applications with an impressive return loss (-52.808 dB) at its operation frequency. The proposed antenna, which is undergoing on various test i.e., radiation pattern, VSWR, IEEE standard SAR value, shows promising result to be fitted in ISM band and biotelemetry applications. Human phantom model, tissue and different dielectric properties are compared and reported suitable for onbody communications.

In the field of biomedical research, continuous communication with a living body and data processing to take immediate actions on necessary points is the key concern. The advancing miniaturization of electronic devices combined with the latest evolution in on-body matched antenna is experiencing scrutiny in the biomedical telemetry. A miniaturized design of an on-body matched antenna along with its simulation-based parameter analysis is proposed in this paper. Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band (2.4–2.5 GHz) allows a wider bandwidth with a considerably tiny size of the antenna and that is why the operating frequency of this designed antenna is tuned within this band. The proposed antenna is smaller in size and permits reasonable bend ability that improves its suitability for biomedical telemetry applications. The designed antenna's dimension is 12.150mm∗10.474mm∗1.488mm. The Microwave Studio of Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software is used to design the antenna with human phantom model and calculate various performance results, such as the return loss, radiation pattern, operating frequency, directivity, gain, total efficiency, power analysis and also sensitivity of the antenna in bending condition without changing the dielectric properties of human phantom model. Finally, the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is evaluated to check the biocompatibility of the antenna. 

This paper presents a dual arm bomb disposal robot that is designed to assist bomb disposal unit. Bomb disposal robot has been developed by different experts around the world to make an affordable and safe device designed to be used in emergency situations. Two segmented robotic arms (3 DOF and 3 DOF) are installed on a portable base with an IP camera to dispose bomb safely and easily from distance. The proposed model is controlled wirelessly with its main function to replace human in bomb disposal operation. The unique design and notable features introduced in this prototype add a new dimension in bomb disposal technology. Simulation-based direct kinematics is used to analyze performance along with mathematical modeling of the dual arm to develop an efficient, mobile and safe bomb disposal robot.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is an uncommon, degenerative, invariably destructive brain infection which is difficult to analyze, especially during its early stages. CJD is considered as prion infection and can do harm in the brain when it is developing as a misshapen form. By analyzing the characteristic of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) signal changes, prion disease can be identified. But till now in the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, MRI images are rather not utilized. By further processing brain MRI, advance CJD can be detected and pinpointed more efficiently. To have a mean of comparison, MRI scans of both a healthy patient and symptomatic patient are reviewed in this study. This paper is focused on CJD MRI analysis of head scans in order to determine caudate and putamen for identifying the existence of brain tissue using a new algorithm. To determine the difference of brain tissue between the MRI of healthy and CJD affected image with the help of pixel counting approach by analyzing the image block by block. The proposed algorithm performs to identify a CJD diseased image from a healthy image of brain MRI, image segmentation is partitioned by image preprocessing stage, image enhancement stage and pixel counting stage. To determine the parts of the brain affected by CJD, MRI scans of infected patients was taken as input. The healthy patients' scans are also later tested with the proposed program to check if the proposed algorithm produces any false positives or not. 

A novel design of a microstrip line-fed flexible on-body matched Ultra-Wideband (UWB) antenna is proposed in this study. Small and flexible design along with noteworthy performance of this proposed antenna upholds its strong position amongst previous antennas of similar type and can be used for various biomedical applications. The antenna is designed to operate in the UWB (3.1-10.6GHz) frequency range where resonant frequency is at 5.93GHz. The main notability of this design refers to its subtle dimension, lower sensitivity to angular misalignments and higher fidelity that makes it perfectly fit for biomedical applications, especially in Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Both flexible and rigid conditions of the antenna are studied here as it needs to be tested in different medium which will more effectively corroborate future practical implementation. Several types of calculations and performance measurements of this antenna have been completed by using CST MW studio while maintaining all the dielectric properties of human tissue. With overall dimension of 40mm × 40mm × 1.44mm, the antenna is placed upon a three layered human phantom model to run simulation process where FR4 is used as substrate and copper is used as patch material. Performance analysis of the designed antenna is evaluated in terms of return loss, bandwidth, radiationpattern, directivity, gain, total efficiency and power analysis. Finally, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) distribution of the antenna is analyzed to make it perfectly biocompatible for practical use. 

In this paper, the performance comparison of an existing slot dipole flexible bendable antenna is carried out with a newly modified design, featuring balanced size miniaturization for implantable wireless communications. By introducing a minuscule dimension along with the use of low cost substrate and patch material, this proposed antenna has a heightened reliability and feasibility in turns of performing for biomedical applications. The proposed antenna is designed to operate in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band (2.4-2.4835 GHz). ISM band has been chosen because of its docility towards higher bandwidth with the decreasing size of antenna. The proposed antenna is designed for both planar and bendable scenarios. Silicon with thickness of 625μm is used as the biocompatible layer to encapsulate the antenna, giving a packed dimension of 65.57mm 3 (12.55mm × 0.625mm × 8.36mm). The antenna is also immersed inside a human tissue model where all the electrical properties of the human tissue were maintained to study the sensitivity of the antenna's performance when subjected to in-body conditions. With the antenna inside the human tissue model, all its performance parameters are studied both in planer and bent cases. Finally, the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is evaluated to test whether the antenna is safe to be implanted inside a living body. 

An in-body implantable miniaturized slot dipole rectangular patch antenna operating in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band (2.4–2.4835 GHz) for biomedical applications is presented in this paper. Primary reason behind choosing ISM band is its flexibility towards larger bandwidth with smaller size of antenna. The main specialty of this antenna is its tiny dimension & bendability which makes it practically implantable for in-body biomedical applications. Actual size of the antenna is (8.20×12.5×0.045) mm. For making it suitable for implementation, the antenna was immersed inside a human tissue model where proper electrical properties of the human tissue muscle model were maintained. All the parameter calculations and simulation results were suitable to support the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band in both bent and planar conditions. This antenna can be used for real time wireless monitoring of blood pressure, temperature, glucose level, and other in-body applications that functions in the ISM band. To make the designed antenna suitable for implantation, it is embedded in a silicon block which acts like a superstrate. Finally, the safety measurements were taken into account by stimulating the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) distribution of the antenna to make it perfectly biocompatible.