Elections Data

1. Factify 

   1. https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.581/; See their workshops as well - AAAI 2023 Workshop DEFACTIFY: Multimodal Fact-Checking and Hate Speech Detection, https://aiisc.ai/defactify2/

   2. [Limitation: US and India only; download only]: 

2. Twitter 

   1. https://precog.iiit.ac.in/resources.html 

   2. [Limitation: India only; election not clearly identified - browse to discover]: 

3. Clemson 

   1. Social Media Listening Center collects social media data for research purposes 

   2. [Limitation: US only; access details unclear]: 

4. Tattle 

   1. (https://tattle.co.in/) 

   2. [Limitation: India only; access details unclear]

5. Commercial [Limitation: geo coverage, access and cost details unclear]

   1. Babel Street

   2. EdgeTheory 

Elections Processes and Technology

• Global organizations and studies

  • ELEUTHERAI - A grassroots collective of researchers working to enable open-source AI research.  https://www.eleuther.ai/

  • From voter registration to mail-in ballots, how do countries around the world run their elections?, Pew Research Center, Oct 2020. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/30/from-voter-registration-to-mail-in-ballots-how-do-countries-around-the-world-run-their-elections/

• US Elections

  • Election integrity project, Center for Journalism Ethics, School of Journalism and Mass Ethics, University of Wisconsin-Madison https://ethics.journalism.wisc.edu/election-integrity/

  • Rebecca T. Mercuri, Peter G. Neumann, The Risks of Election Believability (or Lack Thereof), Communications of the ACM, June 2021, Vol. 64 No. 6, Pages 24-30, 10.1145/3461464, https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2021/6/252836-the-risks-of-election-believability-or-lack-thereof/fulltext

  • AAAS Center for Scientific Evidence in Public Issues (EPI Center) with focus on voting security and technology, https://www.aaas.org/programs/epi-center/voting-technology-and-security

  • Brennan Center report on AI & security in elections, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/artificial-intelligence-and-election-security

  •  FBI report on Russian interference in elections, https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/cyber/russian-interference-in-2016-u-s-elections

  •  Foreign Threats to the 2020 US Federal Election, https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ICA-declass-16MAR21.pdf

  •  CISA Cybersecurity toolkit, https://www.cisa.gov/cybersecurity-toolkit-and-resources-protect-elections

  •  UC Berkeley Working Group Statement on Developing Standards for Internet Ballot Return, https://csp.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Working-Group-Statement-on-Internet-Ballot-Return.pdf

• Indian elections

  • Arvind Gupta and Biplav Srivastava, A vote of confidence: Bihar 2020 poll further reinforces robustness of Indian election model, The Indian Express, Nov 13, 2020.

  • Biplav Srivastava, Process and Technology Behind State-of-the-art (SOTA) Election in India, 22 June 2019

  • Indian elections and digital media

    • https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/04/india-narendra-modi-election-social-media/390240/ 

    • https://yourstory.com/2021/06/techie-tuesday-startup-iit-innovation-testbook-cto-ayush-varshney/amp 

  • Aadhar - digital identity 

    • What to Know About Aadhaar, India's Biometric Identity System, https://time.com/5409604/india-aadhaar-supreme-court/, 2018

  • A Question of Identity: Overview,https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/identity/index.html 

  • Gupta S., Agarwal A., Vyalla, S., Buduru, A. and Kumaraguru, P. #IVoted to #IGotPwned: Studying Voter Privacy Leaks in Indian Lok Sabha Elections on Twitter. In 12th International Conference on Social Informatics (SocInfo) 2020.

  • Tulasi, A., Gupta, K., Gurjar, O., Buggana, S., Mehan, P., Buduru, A., and Kumaraguru, P. Who Won it Online? A comparative study of 2019 Indian General Elections on Twitter. In 12th International Conference on Social Informatics (SocInfo) 2020.

  • Hitkul, Gurjar, O., Sadaria, A., Gupta, K., Srikanth, S., Shah, RR. and Kumaraguru, P. Are Bot Humans? Analysis of bot accounts in 2019 Indian Lok Sabha election (Workshop Paper). In 6th IEEE International Confrence on Multimedia Big Data (BigMM) 2020.

  • Manu, D., Krishnan, R., and Kumaraguru, P. Exploring Shifts in Online Political Discourse: A Study of the 2014 and 2019 National Elections in India. In Annual Conference of the European Association of Political Science (EPSA), Prague, June 18-20, 2020.

  • Manu, D., Krishnan, R., and Kumaraguru, P. Analysing How the Shift in Discourses on Social Media Affected the Narrative Around the Indian General Election 2019. In Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences Vol 3 No. 1 (2020).

  • Gupta, S., Singh, A., Buduru, A. and Kumaraguru, P. Hashtags are (not) judgmental: The untold story of Lok Sabha elections 2019. In 6th IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Big Data (BigMM) 2020.

• Estonian internet elections 

  • Estonian Internet voting, CEF Digital, https://ec.europa.eu/cefdigital/wiki/display/CEFDIGITAL/2019/07/29/Estonian+Internet+voting

  • Estonian current e-voting system protocol: Sven Heiberg, Tarvi Martens, Priit Vinkel, Jan Willemson, Improving the verifiability of the Estonian Internet Voting scheme. E-Vote-ID 2016, Springer LNCS 10141, pp. 92-107. Available at https://research.cyber.ee/~jan/publ/ivxv-evoteid.pdf

  • General overview of future prospects of e-voting system: Sven Heiberg, Kristjan Krips, Jan Willemson, Planning the next steps for Estonian Internet voting. E-Vote-ID 2020. TALTECH Press 2020, pp. 82-97. Available at https://research.cyber.ee/~jan/publ/planning.pdf

  • The independent client application of Estonian e-voting: Valeh Farzaliyev, Kristjan Krips, Jan Willemson, Developing a Personal Voting Machine for the Estonian Internet Voting System. In Proceedings of the Computer Security track of ACM/SIGAPP Symposium On Applied Computing 2021, pp 1607-1616, ACM 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3412841.3442034; available at https://research.cyber.ee/~jan/publ/votingclient-final.pdf

  • Why it not yet the right time for mobile voting: Sven Heiberg, Kristjan Krips and Jan Willemson, Mobile Voting - Still Too Risky? Accepted to 6th Workshop on Advances in Secure Electronic Voting, A Workshop Associated with Financial Crypto 2021. Available at https://research.cyber.ee/~jan/publ/mvoting-design.pdf

  • Comparing paper voting against e-voting: Jan Willemson, Bits or Paper: which should get to carry your vote? Journal of Information Security and Applications, Elsevier, Volume 38, February 2018, Pages 124-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2017.11.007. Available at https://research.cyber.ee/~jan/publ/papervoting-jisa.pdf

  • Strielkowski, W., Gryshova, I., & Kalyugina, S. (2017). Modern Technologies in Public Administration Management: A Comparison of Estonia, India and United Kingdom. Administration & Public Management Review, (28). https://www.ramp.ase.ro/_data/files/articole/2017/28-10.pdf

  • Krimmer, R., Dueñas-Cid, D., Krivonosova, I., Vinkel, P., & Koitmae, A. (2018, October). How much does an e-Vote cost? Cost comparison per vote in multichannel elections in Estonia. In International Joint Conference on electronic voting (pp. 117-131). Springer, Cham. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Duenas-Cid/publication/327977453_How_Much_Does_an_e-Vote_Cost_Cost_Comparison_per_Vote_in_Multichannel_Elections_in_Estonia/links/5bb149bf92851ca9ed331c02/How-Much-Does-an-e-Vote-Cost-Cost-Comparison-per-Vote-in-Multichannel-Elections-in-Estonia.pdf

  • Krimmer, R., Duenas-Cid, D., & Krivonosova, I. (2020). New methodology for calculating cost-efficiency of different ways of voting: is internet voting cheaper?. Public Money & Management, 1-10. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09540962.2020.1732027

  • An Independent Assessment of the Procedural Components of the Estonian Internet Voting System, Oxford University, Cyber Studies Programme, Working Paper Series – No. 6, September 2016 https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/publications/15483/workingpaperno6nurse.pdf

  • Drew Springall, Travis Finkenauer, Zakir Durumeric, Jason Kitcat, Harri Hursti, Margaret MacAlpine, and J. Alex Halderman. 2014. Security Analysis of the Estonian Internet Voting System. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS '14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 703–715. (The analysis of this article is no longer relevant as Estonian voting system has been upgraded since then) DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/2660267.2660315 https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2660267.2660315

  • Toots, M., Kalvet, T., & Krimmer, R. (2016, September). Success in eVoting–success in eDemocracy? The Estonian paradox. In International Conference on Electronic Participation (pp. 55-66). Springer, Cham. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-45074-2_5

  • Heiberg, Sven; Willemson, Jan (2014). "Verifiable internet voting in Estonia" (PDF). IEEE Conference Publications. 2014 6th International Conference on Electronic Voting: Verifying the Vote (EVOTE): 1–8. http://research.cyber.ee/~jan/publ/mobileverification-ieee.pdf

• Europe 

  • A 2-page summary for European Parliament members (2019) - Artificial intelligence, data protection and elections. The document highlights l the topics of our workshop. The document is written by European Parliamentary Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2019/637952/EPRS_ATA(2019)637952_EN.pdf 

Technical Events

• • AAAI 2021 CONSTRAINT workshop (First Workshop on ​Combating On​line Ho​st​ile Posts in ​Regional L​anguages dur​ing Emerge​ncy Si​tuation), http://lcs2.iiitd.edu.in/CONSTRAINT-2021/ 

  • E-Vote-ID 2021 conference, https://e-vote-id.org/