Let’s make it STEAM! Put some Agriculture into STEM.

How Sensors Operate

By Danny Farfan

I will be teaching the technology part of what makes sensors work for the different kind of sensors that there are.

In this demonstration I will want others to know the difference with different types of sensors that I will talk about.

When I teach I plan to show what kind of sensors there are. I will show how some of those sensors work. I will be bringing in two examples and show how they each work and the way they can be used, and how some sensors relate to humans.

With this demonstration I hope that this presentation will give a good understanding of how sensors operate.

Math and Science Behind GPS

Izack A. Samson

Introduction

Using simple geometry and trilateration one can find their position on a coordinate plane or on a spherical object such as the Earth. This same technique is used in Global Positioning Systems (GPS). The GPS is then used in autonomous vehicles such as tractors and cars.

Objectives

● To demonstrate the use of geometry to find relative location on a grid and a sphere.

● To describe how geometry and trilateration tie into modern day agriculture.

S.T.E.M. Component: Math/Science

Terms:

Trilateration - the process of finding absolute or relative locations using the geometry of circles, spheres, and triangles.

GPS - a device that uses radio signals to determine absolute location.

How does it work?

A GPS uses a process called trilateration to figure out your location or an object’s location. To be able to understand trilateration a little easier, here is an example on a much smaller scale.

If you have three lines, each with different lengths, you can draw circles using the lines as guides for the diameters. After the first two circles you should have two points where the circles intersect each other. When you draw the third circle it will intersect one of the two previous intersections.

Now think of this same concept but on a 3 dimensional scale. This time instead of circles, use spheres. Also instead of three, use four.

A GPS uses the second technique to operate. Using the radio signals of three satellites and the radio signal a GPS gives off it can find the single are where all four spheres intersects.

Genetically Modified Organisms

Lesson Plan for GNED 101, STEM of Modern Agriculture

Prepared by Angela Mcguire

BRIEF DESCRIPTION:

General overview of the STEM involved in GMO foods.

INTRODUCTION:

The purpose of this lesson is to teach about the STEM involved in genetically modified organisms, and inform about the process. While providing solid facts about genetically modified organisms. Some students may have only heard the myths that are widely published. One goal of this lesson is to inform about how common genetically modified food products are.

OBJECTIVES

1. To provide information about the STEM involved with GMO's.

2. To inform about the most common genetically modified organisms.

3. To identify genetically modified organisms.

4. To teach about genetically modified organisms.

5. To increase common knowledge of genetically modified organisms.

MATERIALS NEEDED

1. Infographic

2. Powerpoint

3. Common genetically modified snack for hands on example.

ACTIVITY

1. Have students pick a snack from a variety of choices.

2. Show powerpoint on GMOs. Point out the STEM in each slide.

3. Ask students if they think their product has a GMO ingredient in it.

4. Talk about different views on GMOs.

5. Answer questions if any.

The Science of Determining a Nutrient Deficiency in Plants

Jessica Hunt

College of Southern Idaho

GNED 101

Objectives:

· Learn what a nutrient deficiency looks like in plants

· How to determine which fertilizer combination will best benefit the plants

The three main nutrients that plants require is Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), and Potassium (K). We are going to learn what each nutrient does and how to determine if our plants have a deficiency of one. We will be looking at several different pictures of different deficiencies. I will also be bringing one of my house plants that is clearly showing a deficiency and have the class identify what they think it needs. pH of the soil is also important to consider as most nutrients are only available to plants at a pH of 6-7 on the pH scale.

Nitrogen(N) is considered the most important nutrient that plants need. Nitrogen makes up all life, and without it nothing would exist. Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, which are the building blocks of plant proteins. It is also found in the DNA of plants. It is essential for growth of plant tissues and cells like cell membranes and chlorophyll. Nitrogen is also important in the photosynthesis process, and plants that have enough nitrogen will grow much quicker. Nitrogen deficiency causes yellow leaves, which affects the older leaves first, sometimes with pink tints. Nitrogen is available in different forms such as Ammonium, Nitrate, and Urea.

Phosphorous(P) is essential to plants for normal growth and maturity. It is a component of DNA and RNA in plants. It plays a role in many processes including photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer, cell division, and cell enlargement. Phosphorous plays a role in capturing and converting the sun’s energy into plant compounds. Phosphorous can be used to stimulate the growth of a plant’s root system, allowing for more nutrient absorption. It also plays a big role in seed and fruit development. The first sign of a deficiency is generally stunted plant growth. Then plants show a purple discoloration of leaves and stems, with older leaves showing the discoloration first.

Potassium(K) does not make up any part of a plant, but is still important as it increases water use efficiency, transforms sugars to starch, helps with a plant’s ability to withstand extreme cold or hot temperatures, drought and pests. It also is responsible for the activation of over 80 enzymes throughout the plants system. Potassium regulates the opening and closing of stomates, the pores through which the leaves exchange Carbon Dioxide, water vapor and Oxygen. Potassium also plays an important role in photosynthesis.

Potassium deficiency results in poorly developed root systems, slow growing plants, weak stalks, and yellow scorching of the leaves.

When determining a nutrient deficiency, soil pH is important to consider. Nutrients are generally only available at a pH of 6-7. If a soil is too acidic (1) or too alkaline (10) nutrients will not be available to plants. If a deficiency is suspected, it is a good idea to obtain a soil sample before applying fertilizers to determine if the deficiency is caused by a too acidic or too alkaline soil rather than not enough nutrients in the soil.

Math & Science of Semen Collection & Insemination in Cattle

Joesie Deaville

College of Southern Idaho

Brief Description

Simple overview of the math and science behind semen collection and insemination in cattle.

Introduction

During this lesson you will learn the benefits of artificial insemination, different methods of semen collection, the proper ways to dilute and preserve semen, semen handling and the depositing of preserved semen within a cow or heifer. The hands on portion of this lesson with real female reproductive tracts allows students to learn the female reproductive system and the proper depositing method used for artificial insemination.

Objectives

➔ To know the general concept and benefits of artificial insemination.

➔ To know the methods of semen collection.

➔ To know the ways to dilute and preserve the semen.

➔ To learn proper semen thawing and handling.

➔ To be able to identify parts of the female reproductive system in order to properly deposit semen.

Background

Artificial insemination is the manual breeding of a cow or heifer with semen previously collected from a bull. Around 60 years ago artificial insemination became a booming practice in the cattle industries. This practice has tremendously contributed to the genetic improvements in both the beef and dairy industries.

Picking Quality Semen

Before sperm is collected for insemination, the bull must pass a complete physical exam, the required federal health tests, and breeding soundness evaluation. When selecting a sire for a dam, it is critical for a breeder to play attention to bloodlines and expected progeny differences (EPDs). EPDs provide estimates of the genetic value of an animal as a parent; complementing one parents genetics to the others helps advance genetics.

Methods of Collecting Semen

There are several different methods that can be used to collect semen. The following are two commonly used ones.

Artificial Vagina

A bovine AV is designed to mimic the feel of a real cow vagina. Several components go into making sure the AV allows for optimal quality and quantity, such as temperature and pressure.

In order to collect through AV it requires at least 2 handlers and a halter broke bull. This method mimics a natural breeding so there must either be a live cow, steer, another bull, or a dummy cow. This method also can be very dangerous and is typically only used by AI centers.

Electroejaculation

Electroejaculators are designed to stimulate the pelvic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves with pulses of low voltage and amperage to induce penile erection and ejaculation. Typically bulls are restrained in a chute without their head loose and good footing. In rare instances, it may be necessary to prevent a bull from lying down during electroejaculation by applying a restraining belt under the bull’s chest and is extremely important to place at least one strong pole behind the bull.

With the proper equipment and technique, only about 2% of normal fertile bulls fail to produce semen through electroejaculation. Electroejaculation without anesthesia is considered to be painful to bulls. Vocalization during electroejaculation is evidence of pain. Therefore, the procedure must only be done in the gentlest way possible by personnel with proper training.

Semen Quality

Semen quality is bases on the following traits: volume, density, and motility. These may be affected by the method of collection and other forces like the bulls environment.

Volume: Amount of sperm produced. The capacity to produce spermatozoa per gram of testicular tissue (Daily Sperm Production; DSP).

Density may be classified as follows:

➔ Very Good (VG): creamy, grainy semen with 750 to 1 billion or more spermatozoa per ml

➔ Good (G): milk-like semen with 400 to 750 million spermatozoa per ml

➔ Fair (F): skim milk-like semen with 250 to 400 million spermatozoa per ml

➔ Poor (P): translucent semen with less than 250 million spermatozoa per ml

Mobility: A 5 mm diameter drop of the semen is placed on a warm glass-slide and mass motion is observed under a microscope. Factors that affect mass motion of the spermatozoa include concentration, percentage of progressively motile cells and the speed/vigor of sperm motion.

Sperm Morphology Evaluation.

Sperm cells are translucent when observed with bright field microscopy; therefore, phase contrast microscopy or the use of sperm stains are needed for analysis of sperm morphology. Eosin-nigrosin stain is commonly used as a "live/dead" stain because in addition to providing background-contrast for sperm cells with the nigrosin component, sperm membrane penetration by eosin, or lack thereof, is an indicator of sperm membrane integrity and thus of sperm viability.

Dilution of the Semen

Thanks to many technological advances, there are several types of machines that electronically count sperm. An exact amount of sperm in needed to determine sperm concentration. After the semen quality evaluation has been performed and a calculation of the concentration of sperm is obtained, it is important to determine the number of Progressively Motile Morphologically Normal (PMMN) sperm in the ejaculate. PMMN is used to calculate the number of doses that can be frozen.

The average number of sperm provided per dose in the last 5 decades in North America has been 10 million progressively motile sperm post-thaw. Approximately 50% of sperm die in the freezing process, therefore it is necessary to double the number of sperm per dose.

For example:

If 10 million progressively motile sperm after thawing the straw is the goal, the number of sperm per dose would need to be 20 million progressively motile sperm pre-freeze. The number of doses that can be packaged with an ejaculate that has 3.534 billion PMMN sperm cells would be 176 straws after doing the following calculation.

3.534 billion PMMN/20x10 6 PMMN per straw = 176 straws

Extenders for Freezing Semen

The Certified Semen Services (CSS) has approved two different protocols that can be used to extend bovine semen.

The Standard CSS Protocol used in the USA is a 2-step method, however in Europe, 1 -step protocols are more commonly used. The most common extenders used in the Standard CSS protocol have Tris (hydroxymethyl aminomethane) or sodium citrate as the buffer component, require egg yolk to protect sperm cells against cold-shock, and consist of two fractions (A and B) plus a cocktail of antibiotics. New extender formulations which do not require egg yolk are now available and approved by CSS. The 2-step protocol will yield a final concentration of 20% egg yolk, 7% glycerol, glycerol , 50 µg of tylosin, 250 µg of gentamicin, 150 µg of lincomycin, and 300 µg of spectinomycin in each ml of extended frozen semen. There are several premixed comercial extenders; with and without egg yolk.

Technique of Semen Dilution:

Antibiotics are added carefully to the semen in a proportion of 0.02 mL of antibiotic cocktail per mL of semen. The antibiotics should be allowed a 3 to 5 minute time period to come in contact with the semen. The semen is then diluted slowly with a small volume of warm Fraction A extender in a dilution tube. Depending on the calculated number of straws to be processed, the ejaculate will be then extended with Fraction A to 50% of the calculated final volume. The other half extender volume is the Fraction B. Fraction B should be added gradually to the semen extended with Fraction A over a period of 30 minutes until a 1 to 1 ratio is reached. The final volume of extended semen will contain 7% glycerol concentration. The extended semen should be allowed to equilibrate at 4ºC for at least 4 hours. During this time, the straws may be filled, sealed and placed on racks for freezing and counting. Straws come in two different sizes: mini straws (0.25 ml) and medium straws (0.5 ml).

Freezing the Semen

Sealed straws of extended semen may be frozen using a traditional vapor freezing method or by computerized programmable freezers. In the vapor freezing method, the straws are placed on racks and held horizontally 4 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen for 10 minutes. The straws are then plunged into the liquid nitrogen. After the freezing process, the straws are transferred to a liquid nitrogen tank for storage and distribution.

Depositing the Semen

It is critical to keep the semen frozen until ready to use. Once the semen has been thawed in a water bath of 94 to 98 degrees fahrenheit for 45 seconds, it must be used within 15 minutes. Semen must be protected from sunlight, water, and temperature shock as they can kill the it.

The semen straw then has the tip cut off and is placed in an AI gun and then the gun into a protective sheath. The sheath helps protect the repro tract from damage, helps prevent the spread of diseases between cattle, and makes for a more sterile insemination. The cow is to palpated and the repro tract is then located. The gun is then inserted into the vulva and carefully maneuvered into the uterus where the semen is then deposited.

pH of Soils

Krysta Maier

1. Ask students if they know what pH is.

pH is a figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid, and higher values more alkaline. At neutral pH 7, there are equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. A soil pH measurement below 7 is considered acidic and contains more hydrogen ions. Soil pH above 7 is alkaline and contains more negatively charged hydroxide ions. The soil pH is an important number to know because it determines the availability of almost all essential plant nutrients.

2. Ask students if they can predict whether some common household items are acidic or alkaline then do a demonstration to show students the pH levels of items such as lemon juice (pH 2.3), orange juice (pH 3.5), vinegar (pH 4.3), milk (pH 6.4), dish soap (pH 10), saliva (pH 6-8), or soda (pH 2-3).

3. Ask students for ideas on why it would be important for farmers to know the pH of their soil.

4. Tell students that they will be testing soil samples that were sent in from three farms. Demonstrate to the students how to use each of the three pH testing methods.

5. Use pH paper. A small sample of soil is mixed with distilled water into which a strip of pH paper is inserted. Show students how to compare results to the pH paper color chart.

6. When finished, discuss class results and have groups share their recommendations for each farmer based on the soil pH test.

How to properly feed a baby calf

Patricia Tinoco

Intro to Ag, Gen Ed

❖ Newborn Day one

➢ Bottle fed moms milk

➢ 2 to 3 times a day

❖ One week

➢ Any other cow's milk

➢ Powdered milk

❖ Two weeks

➢ Milk or water

➢ Mineralized milk

❖ One Month

➢ Little bit of hay

➢ Proteins

★ Proteins in food will help make calf stronger and healthier.

❖ Science

➢ The bottle is approximately 1 quart

➢ Temperature for milk is 100 F

➢ Normal temp of a calf is under 102 F. Calves that are fed colder milk will then warm the milk to its body temperature after it's consumed

➢ Feeding a calf a certain amount of milk and making sure its correct for them will help reduce the amount of sickness

STEM in Agriculture

Peeling & Cutting Potatoes

Samantha Jarolimek

Brief Description:

The process of peeling and cutting potatoes into French fries has changed throughout the years with the use of STEM.

Objectives:

· Describe what a hydrocutter is used for

· Learn the process of how potatoes are cut and peeled through a hydrocutter

· Learn how steam is used to peel potatoes

· Determine how many pounds of potatoes can be cut per minute by hand and machine

· Determine the technology, engineering, and math through this process

Lesson Plan:

1. Introduce the process of peeling and cutting potatoes

2. Have students do peeling the potato math problem

a. Get three to four students to peel and slice a pound of potatoes with a knife

b. Have other students time the ones who are peeling and cutting

c. Once done, time how many minutes it took to do the process by 24,000 pounds

d. When this is determined the students will understand how long it would have taken in past years

3. Show the information about a hydrocutter built by Southern Field Welding

a. PowerPoint will have the video, pictures, and information about the hydrocutter

b. Use the Potatoes turning into French fries’ info graph

c. Video of the process of steam peeling a potato

Links and Photos:

Hydrocutter video- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iuSfWgfgy5c

Steam Peeling- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOWPH6Z7uH8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_kOBZl2fLM

Drones in Agriculture

Saul Martinez

I will be focus on the Technology of drones in Agriculture.

My learning objective is that the future is here, drones are starting to replace humans work and machinery work becoming more efficient and economical, making a huge change in undeveloped countries.

I will be showing some videos of drones being used as Pesticide in china. And talk about the differences it has made to them when before they would spray by hand and now they are using drones.

I brought some drones from my work, and I will explain how technology works for me in my job. I took some pictures of cows in a pen, will make the class count the cows.

Jackeline Salinas

Differences between All-Purpose Flour, Spelt Flour, and Barley Flour in making cookies.

A description of what STEM aspect of agriculture you want to teach

I will be using math in my lesson. I will be describing the amount of each type of flour for every cookie in order for it to turn out good. Also the science behind how each flour works when the cookie is baking.

Learning objective/s (What do you want someone to do or know after your lesson?)

I want someone to learn or understand that there is many ways you can make cookies with different flours but also choose the flour that fits them the best when baking.

A brief summary of how you plan to teach the specific STEM component

In class I will be bring the different types of flours in a container. Show and describe each flour and their purposes.

Indicate what you will use as the "hands-on" component of your lesson.

I will bring in cookies that I will bake personally and bring them to class. Each student will get 3 cookies that look the same but they have to decide which cookie was made with which flour.

The Science of Corn Seed Germination

Tiffani Tolman

A seed is defined by Webster's as a grain or ripened ovule of plants used for sewing. As well as “the fertilized ripened ovule of a flowering plant containing an embryo and capable, normally, of germination to produce a new plant; broadly a propagate structure (such as a spore or small fruit.)”

Seeds can be divided into two major classes, monocots and dicots. Monocots being seeds such as corns, grains and grasses. While dicots come from/ produce plants like the pumpkin, cucumber, sunflowers and beans. The difference being in the amount of cotyledon or embryonic leaves within. Monocots, as the name suggests, means the seed structure contains one leaf. Mono meaning one. These grow into a stalk like plant with narrow, elongated leaves in which all the major leaf veins run parallel. Dicots contain two embryonic leaves and their major leaf veins are reticulated, meaning they are marked like a net or network.

As mentioned above Corn is a monocot. Once the seed is sprouted a single leaf will be visible.

Corn Seed Anatomy:

The seed coat (pericarp) is the outermost layer of the seed. It functions as a protective shield for the embryo ( ) inside from damage. The endosperm is what provides the nutrients to the cotyledon, just like a yolk does for a chick. It is also what gives a corn kernel its flavor.

The cotyledon is the immature corn leaf, inside the embryo of the seed it is what takes in the nutrients, and once outside it will absorb the sun's light.

The hypocotyledon the space on the embryonic plant where the root and the leaf meet.

The radicle is the root of the immature plant.

Germination process in a garden setting:

After the purchase of the seed, I was taught, soak the seeds in warm water. This helps speed up germination by softening the seed coat, causing the seed to swell. Once the seed becomes water logged the embryonic plant on the inside starts to grow, though this won't be visible for a few days at least. An important rule of thumb is to plant them within twelve hours of putting them in water to soak. If seeds are left to soak for much longer they start to breakdown and ferment, causing it to be unable to grow.

It is common knowledge that any seed needs warmth from the sun as well as water. Lesser known is the fact that a seed needs good contact with the soil in order for the roots to take hold and be able to support the plant in wind or rain, anything that may cause a threat to the plants life by uprooting it. Because of this, stalky plants like corn, when planted, need the seed to be at a good depth in the soil, to ensure the plant's vitality.

If you hope to successfully grow corn, you need to water your seed.

Diffusion of Sugar

Tara Crandall

1.) What is stem? Stem is the science, technology, engineering, and math used to assist with the production of agriculture and daily living by:

· Learn and apply content

· Integrate content

· Interpret and communicate information

· Engage in inquiry

· Engage in logical reasoning

· Collaborate as a team

· Apply technology appropriately

What Is Diffusion?

Diffusion is were molecules tend to spread out in order to occupy an available space. The gasses and molecules in a liquid have a tendency to diffuse from a more concentrated environment to a less concentrated environment.

For example:

I’m going to give an example of how to diffuse a sugar beet using “hot water” compared to “cold water”. We first start by cutting the sugar beets into cassettes. This will allow us to expose as much of the surface as possible. Then we place the half of cassettes into hot water, and the other half of cassettes in to cold water to see what container will diffuse faster.

What actually happens is a complex process involving, diffusion, though and between denatured and ruptured beet cells and beet cell membrane.

The hot water causes the molecules to vibrate faster than the cold water. This causes the sugar beets in the hot water to diffuse, or move threw out the water at a much faster rate compared to the cold water.

At amalgamated the purpose of diffusion is to create sugar. They do this by cleaning the harvested sugar beets, slicing the sugar beets into cassettes, placing them into a diffuser which extracts the sugar into a liquid form. The liquid is then purified and evaporated and the sugars is then crystalized. Once cooled down it is ready for packaging.

Engineering an Irrigation System

Alex Wogan

College of Southern Idaho

GNED 101 M02

Go with the flow and let gravity do the work as you build and test a simple irrigation model!

Background

· Irrigation systems can be vital for growing crops in areas that do not otherwise receive enough rainfall to sustain them. They are even used in areas that are near natural water sources such as lakes and rivers to help evenly distribute water among crops. Modern irrigation systems can rely on heavy construction equipment to dig miles of trenches and pumps that can suck water up from deep underground. Electrical power allows us to distribute water through miles of piping across farm fields. How did ancient civilizations manage to build irrigation systems thousands of years ago? They took many different approaches. For example, they could divert the natural flow of a river toward their crops, use lakes as reservoirs to store extra water for dry seasons or rely on gravity-powered systems to channel rainwater coming down a mountainside.

Introduction

· Irrigation is the artificial application of water to land or soil. An irrigation system is a system that supplies land with water by means of artificial canals, ditches, etc., to promote the growth of crops. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. There are many benefits of irrigation. For example, irrigation can increase crop yield, enable the cultivation of superior crops, and eliminate mixed cropping. Another benefit of irrigation includes hydro-power generation, which is power created by the use of water. Water is a very precious resource, so knowing how to utilize its’ benefits will definitely benefit you!

Objective

· In this project, you will build a simple model irrigation system using plastic cups and straws powered by nothing but gravity. Can you design a system that evenly distributes water among different cups, simulating how a real irrigation system would send equal amounts of water to different fields?

Materials Needed

· Plastic Cups

· Drinking Straws

· Modeling Clay

· Scissors

· Water

Expectation

· Use the scissors to make two small X-shaped slits on both sides of the cup about one-third of the way down from the top

· Then, get two more cups and make one X-shaped slit in each cup about one-third of the way up from the bottom

· Poke one drinking straw through each slit in the first cup, and then poke the other end of the straws through the slits in the other two cups

· Use small pieces of modeling clay to form a seal around the straws on the inside of each cup to prevent water from leaking out of the slits

· Using the fourth cup, slowly pour water into the center cup of your “irrigation system”

Analysis

· Do you think a bigger irrigation system could be developed using the same materials?

· If a bigger irrigation system were to be created, could the same amount of water be distributed to each cup?

· Could an irrigation system be developed in which the water would start in the first cup and then be transferred into the next cup in a “waterfall” like effect?

Metal Powder Coating VS. Paint

Alexis O'Connell

Objective:

· Figure out the different between powder coating and regular paint for metal

Powder coating is a finishing process in which a coating is applied electrostatically to a surface as a free-floating, dry powder before they heat it up to finish the coating. The powder can be made from polyester, polyurethane, polyester-epoxy, epoxy, and acrylics. Powder coating is tougher than conventional paints with its hard finish.

Powder Coating can be used on a range of things from household items to automobile parts.

Can be accomplished through 1 of the 2 processes: Thermosets and Thermoplastics.

Thermosetting – involves additional chemicals that react to the powder during heating.

Thermoplastic – no additional chemicals they just melt and flow into final coating.

Both processes look the same just the distinguishing feature.

The powders are created by taking the powder input and binding the items together, heating the mixture, rolling out the product, and then breaking the polymer product into chips which can be ground into a fine powder.

The object being powder coated must be cleaned first, get all oil and debris off because it can inhibit the attachment of the dry powder. After it is cleaned they apply the dry powder electrostatically – particles of the powder and the object are charged through a high voltage electrostatic surge. Using the electrostatic stage increases the efficiency and productivity by 95%, less paint wasted, and metal object is fully coated.

Cured at 400 degrees for 10 minutes. While setting the powder melts and flows around the object. The curing also binds the polymer into a tighter, heavier finish.

Wet paint is the traditional process of applying a liquid paint to a metal surface product for finishing. Most sheet metal fabrication processes will use a spray, pump, or pressurized vessel to deliver the wet paint evenly.

The process of wet painting is accomplished by thoroughly cleaning a metal object before wet-blasting liquid paint to an even thickness of approximately 15-10 micrometers. The wet paint is applied until the product is evenly coated with the desired thickness of paint. The process of plating can be complicated and depends on desired metal for plating and sought effect.

Benefits for wet paint

Ideal for objects that can not be heated

Wider range of colors

Much thinner finish

Much more economic finishing process

Drawbacks

Not as durable as powder coating

Can require multiple coats to get an even finish

Angelina Garza

Carbohydrates

A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms. The term is most common in biochemistry , where it is a synonym of 'saccharide', a group that includes sugars , starch , and cellulose . To make carbonation you mix Vinegar and baking soda to produce C02 to cause the cake to rise. CO2 is used to carbonate drinks, raise bread and is produce by a variety of reactions and ag processes such as production of ethanol and silage.

Carbohydrates are found in a wide variety of foods. The important sources are cereals (wheat, maize, rice), potatoes, sugarcane, fruits, table sugar (sucrose), bread, milk, etc. Starch and sugar are the important carbohydrates in our diet. Starch is abundant in potatoes, maize, rice and other cereals. Sugar appears in our diet mainly as sucrose (table sugar), which is added to drinks and many prepared foods such as jam, biscuits and cakes, and glucose and fructose which occur naturally in many fruits and some vegetables.