Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are representative of secondary battery technology; however, lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are recognized as a promising next-generation system, boasting a theoretical energy density approximately ten times higher than LIBs. Nevertheless, the physical and chemical instability of lithium metal has historically presented a significant commercialization hurdle, primarily due to the inherent risk of explosion.

The most critical factor threatening LMB safety is the growth of lithium dendrites tree-like structures that can cause a short circuit between the anode and cathode, leading to substantial heat generation. Consequently, extensive research is underway to mitigate dendrite formation. A prominent approach involves utilizing lithiophilic materials, which reduce the overpotential developed during lithium plating. Lithiophilic materials are characterized by their ability to form alloys with lithium at low overpotentials. Our laboratory is leveraging this lithiophilic property to induce controlled lithium plating at specific sites, thereby suppressing dendrite growth, volume expansion, and undesirable side reactions.