methodology

The analysis will be based on numerical simulations with the ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model. A total of 179 global simulations will be used; a reference one including anthropogenic emissions from all examined countries (177); a simulation where anthropogenic emissions from all countries are removed; and 177 simulations in which the anthropogenic emissions of each country are removed. The anthropogenic emissions data derive from the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS). The global simulations were performed in a T106 horizontal resolution (~1.1 x 1.1 degree) for the period 2014 to 2019, nudged towards the ERA5 dynamics. 

Health effects will be assessed in terms of ozone-attributable mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), following the methodology of the latest Global Burden of Disease (GBD) assessment. Excess mortality is defined as the number of deaths that would not have occurred in the absence of exposure. For each location and age group, it will be calculated by combining the attributable fraction with country-level baseline mortality rates and population data, providing spatially explicit estimates of the health burden associated with ozone pollution.