"A tendency for the procedures and practices of particular institutions to operate in ways which result in certain social groups being advantaged or favoured and others being disadvantaged or devalued" (Chandler and Munday).
Gender discrimination has been indirectly instilled in the policies and practices of organizations like governments, corporations, public institutions, and financial institutions.
"Because white men have had an advantage for the majority of history, most of the institutions were built around that advantage. This makes it especially difficult for females to succeed" (Nochilin).
What women face within the workforce:
Wage discrimination
Lower status
Sexual harassment
Perceived maternal obligations
Mary is able to persuade a judge to let her take night classes at an all-white school. She is the only woman, especially a black woman, to attend an all-white male engineering class. She experiences instant judgment from the men when she goes to sit for class. This scene shows how odd it was at that time for a black woman to want to receive an education, especially in such an intellectually demanding job like aerospace engineering.
During a pentagon meeting for the launch, Catherine requests to attend in order to be updated on the changes of the project. She is rejected many times since the room is only for men in high positions and where "there is no protocol for women to attend these meetings". After much persuasion, Catherine is allowed to only watch the meeting, which makes her the only woman to enter the board room.
Dorothy is not only the first person to figure out how to use the computing machine, but she is the first woman. Dorothy works overtime to learn the technology behind the machines and proves herself to the men of the department that she too is capable of working wonders.
One's sexual orientation is the sexual or romantic connection between someone of the opposite gender, same gender, or both. Sexual orientation is fluid and is said not to be a choice but the result of interactions, genetics, and emotional connections. Current day, there is a large problem of homophobia and hate crimes towards people of the LGBT+ community. Many people face harassment on the streets, on social media, and in the workforce.
Cultural discrimination or Xenophobia is the act of racism towards someone of a different religion, moral, nationality, or culture. It can be an unintended, indirect, or direct form of judging and hating. Over the years, cultural discrimination has been evolving, in some cases better, but in most cases worse, for example, Islamophobia after 9/11 and Sinophobia after COVID-19. Culture acceptance is necessary for a country to be united, but unfortunately, it has caused many to separate, and many beautiful cultures to be silenced.
Not allowing people of color to have access to the same goods, services, and opportunities as people with privilege. It is the patterns and policies in a society that continuously demonstrate hatred or segregation. Racist beliefs and opinions have been around for so long that it has been accepted and integrated into the society. Indirect racism is normal for people who are ignorant of the struggles of the discriminated.
"American history carries the savage stain of systemic racism and America will carry this albatross around her neck as a legacy down through the epochs of time. Here are some examples of systemic racism pulled from the annuals of American history: 'Colored people have to ride in the back of the bus'. 'Negroes are not allowed to eat with white people.' 'Colored drinking water fountain only'. 'This restroom is not for colored people'. 'The Negro does not have the right to vote.' 'We don’t hire colored’s.' 'Colored people are not allowed to live in this neighborhood.' 'Segregation and not equal for the Negro'. 'Colored only car'. Before 1965 any violation of such ordinances or statutes by American Africans (so-called black people) could have resulted in severe punishment, or possibly even death" (Shahid).
There are many examples in the recent past where Black Americans have been injured or killed at the hands of white police officers. George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, Trayvon Martin, and Daunte Wright are victims of this oppressive behavior. A more subtle example is racial profiling, where individuals are singled out in airports or while driving because they appear to be up to no good.
"It is institutional racism that compels many law enforcement officers to see American Africans as less human than American Europeans and thus, the use of deadly force becomes justifiable even though less-lethal force could have been an option to use to subdue the American African subject. It is institutional racism that compels many state and federal judges to impose a 30-year prison sentence on a convicted American African versus the 15-year sentence given to his American European counterpart for the same exact crime. It is the institutional racism cultural paradigm of the American European that influences his social, political, and financial attitudes and are the core foundations of racism in America today" (Shahid).
For further information on systemic racism, consult: