Principle behind XRD:

X-ray diffraction is based on constructive interference of monochromatic X-rays and a crystalline sample. These X-rays are generated by a cathode ray tube, filtered to produce monochromatic radiation, collimated to concentrate, and directed toward the sample.

How Does NMR Actually Work? When molecules are placed in a strong magnetic field, the nuclei of some atoms will begin to behave like small magnets. ... The resonant frequencies of the nuclei are then measured and converted into an NMR spectrum that displays all of the right frequencies as peaks on a graph

Principle of Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS):

The LC-MS technology involves use of an HPLC, wherein the individual components in a mixture are first separated followed by ionization and separation of the ions on the basis of their mass/charge ratio.

NMR Interpretation:

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) interpretation plays a pivotal role in molecular identifications. As interpreting NMR spectra, the structure of an unknown compound, as well as known structures, can be assigned by several factors such as chemical shift, spin multiplicity, coupling constants, and integration. This data focuses on the most important ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra to find out structure even though there are various kinds of NMR spectra such as ¹⁴N, ¹⁹F, and ³¹P. NMR spectrum shows that x-axis is the chemical shift in ppm. It also contains integral areas, splitting pattern, and coupling constant.

Polymorph exists in different forms:

Polymers with an amorphous morphology have their atoms held together in a loose structure, but this structure is never orderly or predictable, which is why chemists will say that amorphous solids have no long-range order. ... In crystalline polymers, the chains behave differently.

LCMS Spectra Interpretation:

The chromatograms show components as functions of their retention time and mass to charge ratio by the mass relative abundance, meaning the total output from a full LC-MS is a graph with two horizontal axes. The focus of the graph can be altered depending on the researcher's goal.

What Instruments can do:

The instrumental methods of chemical analysis are divided into categories according to the property of the analyte that is to be measured. Many of the methods can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The major categories of instrumental methods are spectral, electroanalytical, and separatory.

NABL Grants Accreditation to

Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through a sample solution. ... This measurement can also be used to measure the amount of a known chemical substance.

The GC works on the principle that a mixture will separate into individual substances when heated. The heated gases are carried through a column with an inert gas (such as helium). As the separated substances emerge from the column opening, they flow into the MS.

GC/MS can measure the amount of every chemical present in a given sample simply by comparing the particular chemical to a pre-measured standard. GC/MS identifies any unknown chemical in the sample.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an analytical technique to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture. It is the single biggest chromatography technique essential to most laboratories worldwide.

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