A Single Glance Pdf Download

Stphanie Matt, Milena Dzhelyova, Louis Maillard, Jolle Lighezzolo-Alnot, Bruno Rossion, Stphanie Caharel; Natural brief facial expression changes detection at a single glance: evidence from Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation. Journal of Vision 2019;19(10):181c.

The retina decomposes visual stimuli into parallel channels that encode different features of the visual environment. Central to this computation is the synaptic processing in a dense layer of neuropil, the so-called inner plexiform layer (IPL). Here, different types of bipolar cells stratifying at distinct depths relay the excitatory feedforward drive from photoreceptors to amacrine and ganglion cells. Current experimental techniques for studying processing in the IPL do not allow imaging the entire IPL simultaneously in the intact tissue. Here, we extend a two-photon microscope with an electrically tunable lens allowing us to obtain optical vertical slices of the IPL, which provide a complete picture of the response diversity of bipolar cells at a "single glance". The nature of these axial recordings additionally allowed us to isolate and investigate batch effects, i.e. inter-experimental variations resulting in systematic differences in response speed. As a proof of principle, we developed a simple model that disentangles biological from experimental causes of variability and allowed us to recover the characteristic gradient of response speeds across the IPL with higher precision than before. Our new framework will make it possible to study the computations performed in the central synaptic layer of the retina more efficiently.

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To investigate the idea that batch effects effectively result in changes in response kinetics more directly, we fit a linear encoding model and estimated the temporal receptive field kernels of the ROIs in the three example scans shown before. As expected, the temporal kernels showed systematic differences between the three scans that seem to be largely explained by rescaling them in time (Fig. 8A,B). Moreover, within a single batch we could still discern the underlying IPL gradient: ROIs closer to the IPL centre (=lighter colours in Fig. 8C) had their leading edge closer to zero and, hence, responded faster. In addition, central ROIs displayed more biphasic kernels and, hence, responded more transiently.

Diagnostic accuracy for radiologists is above that expected by chance when they are exposed to a chest radiograph for only one-fifth of a second, a period too brief for more than a single voluntary eye movement. How do radiologists glean information from a first glance at an image? It is thought that this expert impression of the gestalt of an image is related to the everyday, immediate visual understanding of the gist of a scene. Several high-speed mechanisms guide our search of complex images. Guidance by basic features (such as color) requires no learning, whereas guidance by complex scene properties is learned. It is probable that both hardwired guidance by basic features and learned guidance by scene structure become part of radiologists' expertise. Search in scenes may be best explained by a two-pathway model: Object recognition is performed via a selective pathway in which candidate targets must be individually selected for recognition. A second, nonselective pathway extracts information from global or statistical information without selecting specific objects. An appreciation of the role of nonselective processing may be particularly useful for understanding what separates novice from expert radiologists and could help establish new methods of physician training based on medical image perception.

The cards are coded with NFTs, cited as a reason to make people truly own there cards. Ignoring the numerous problems with setting a blockchain for an online product ( NFTs are suddenly everywhere, but they have some big problems - CNN ), they are basically setting a massive energy hog for the sole reason of an implied ownership of a card that you can only use for a single reason - an online card game.

Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory, working with collaborators from DESY in Germany, took inspiration from a classic physics experiment to develop a new technique for obtaining precise 3D structural information in only a single view. Their work appeared in Nature Communications.

English polymath Thomas Young demonstrated how light from two different sources could create distinctive interference patterns, pointing to the wave nature of light in his famous double-slit experiment. Humphrey Lloyd extended Young's work by using a mirror to create interference patterns between a single light source and its reflection, an experiment known as "Lloyd's mirror." Such intriguing phenomena, however, are far more difficult to demonstrate at the extremely short wavelengths of hard X-rays, thousands of times shorter than visible light.

The research team addressed that problem with their FE-DWBA technique, in which the sample is considered not only as merely a layered structure but divided into a 3D grid of parallel and perpendicular sections, which allows computations to be done on the basis of the 3D unit cells. The resulting computational demands of dealing with up to five million cells in a single sample can be managed by grouping cells into stacks with the same electron profile and employing a first-principles simulation. Additional holography experiments on a sample with a more complicated and truly 3D configuration, using two stacked gold bars of differing widths, provided further confirmation of the holographic Lloyd's mirror effect.

The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, visit the Office of Science website.

Kundel and Nodine (2) began the experimental analysis of this phenomenon in radiology by measuring the diagnostic accuracy of radiologists who were allowed only a 200-msec glimpse of a chest radiograph. They found that radiologists were able to correctly detect 70% of lesions in chest radiographs that they viewed for only one-fifth of a second. Of course, nobody is suggesting that radiologists should make decisions based on a single glimpse. However, the fact that diagnostic accuracy far exceeded that expected by chance confirmed that radiologists are capable of extracting valuable information from an image without having enough time to carefully examine it.

Of course, while there may be information in a single glimpse of a scene, be it a vacation snapshot or a radiograph, that glimpse is generally not sufficient for us to find or identify specific targets. Our group has recently suggested that visual search and visual awareness of complex images may best be explained by a two-pathway process (8) (Fig 1).

We need to move the eyes because we have high-resolution vision only for images that fall on the fovea of the eye. The choice of the next fixation point must be based on the lower-resolution input from the extrafoveal periphery of the visual field. In the brief exposure experiments described earlier, durations of one-fourth of a second or less were used because, in that period, one would not have time to make a voluntary eye movement. Consequently, the input to the visual system would consist of a single snapshot of the scene.

The development of eye-tracking technology allowed researchers to look at the sequences of saccades as an observer examined an image. Kundel and La Follette (16) and Kundel et al (47,48) were pioneers in the use of eye tracking to study medical image perception. While it is difficult to measure the deployment of covert attention as radiologists view medical images, it is possible to monitor eye movements during free viewing of those images. The general finding is that experts tend to fixate the malignancy or other items of interest soon after first seeing the image, long before their attention would be expected to reach those sites if the first glance of the image did not provide any location information (23). When this methodology was used in one study, more than one-half of the lesions fixated by the participating fellows and residents were first fixated within the first 1.1 seconds of the trial (23).

By comparing performance in the presence and absence of a brief initial presentation of the entire scene, V and Henderson (54) concluded that an initial presentation of just 50 msec was enough to establish a global scene representation that made the search more efficient. In that experiment, the target was never present in the initial preview of the scene. Thus, guidance was not based on a lucky discovery of the target location in the preview, nor was it based on feature guidance (eg, noticing where the red thing was located). This was scene guidance, in which a rapid understanding of some aspects of the scene shaped the deployment of attention and the eyes. Because we are all expert scene processors, trained by our many years of getting around in the world, the first glance at a scene is enough to guide the subsequent search to logical locations (eg, walls to find a picture).

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I saw her from across the bar.

My bar. My city. Everything in that world belonged to me.

She stood out from the crowd like she was looking for someone to blame for her pain.

That night, I felt the depths of my mistakes. I felt my scars. With a single glance, I knew her touch would take it all away. I craved it more than anything.