A Level General Paper Notes Pdf Free Download

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This paper aims to identify some high-level environmental preconditions that support a general-purpose CBDC in the United States. These preconditions are necessary, though not sufficient, and can be broadly grouped into five areas: clear policy objectives, broad stakeholder support, strong legal framework, robust technology, and market readiness. Within each area, detailed elements are discussed. These areas and elements are not exhaustive because many systems, tools, processes, and structures will need to be in place for a CBDC. In addition, many of these elements are interconnected. For example, engaging with a broad array of stakeholders and monitoring market readiness could inform clear policy objectives and vice versa. This paper does not attempt to prescribe how to address these preconditions; it aims to spark further inquiry.

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Government bodies. Governmental support is essential to facilitating the legal and societal changes that would be needed for the introduction of a CBDC. The legislative and executive branches of government would need to make critical decisions affecting the design and implementation of a CBDC. Consideration by Congress, for example, must be given to key areas such as the authority of the Federal Reserve to issue a general-purpose CBDC, the potential sea change in the relationship of the central bank with the public, and potential legislative changes related to contract law, privacy, and consumer protection (see also the Strong Legal Framework discussion below). Executive branch support is also needed from federal agencies on a number of design and implementation issues, including those related to tax, public spending, counterfeiting and fraud, anti-money-laundering, and cybersecurity. Coordination and harmonization of regulatory frameworks across various jurisdictions would also require the support of government at both the federal and state levels.

Clear legal authority. A first-order consideration is whether the issuance of a general-purpose CBDC would be consistent with the Federal Reserve's mandates, functions, and powers as enshrined in the central bank law, namely the Federal Reserve Act (FRA).13 The central bank exercises only powers and functions authorized under the FRA. For example, the FRA authorizes the Federal Reserve to issue Federal Reserve notes and to provide payment services to depository institutions and certain other entities.14 Consideration would need to be given as to whether additional amendments to the FRA would be required related to the issuance of a general-purpose CBDC.

Evident demand. Demand for a CBDC may arise from economic or policy interests or both. But no matter what is driving the issuance for a CBDC, both individuals and businesses should be willing to accept a new payment instrument amid the ever-growing array of payment options. As noted above in the section on broad stakeholder support, without basic features that enable usability, market acceptance may be limited. Consumers cite several reasons for choosing a particular payment method; they note convenience, speed, financial incentives, and security, among other factors.21 Even when a new product, such as contactless payments, can improve upon the existing payment, adoption might still be low. A 2020 discussion paper published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, for example, cites lack of awareness, psychological barriers, and misperceptions for the low level of contactless payment adoption.22

19. For example, at the federal level, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act applies to "financial institutions" (which includes companies that offer financial products or services to individuals) and addresses protection of consumer personal information both from the aspect of information security (15 U.S.C. 6801(b)) and also in terms of information-sharing in the course of providing financial services. At the state level, some states also have data privacy and security laws that may apply to financial institutions and financial service providers, and laws generally vary state-by-state. Return to text

By contrast, NB uses numbered footnotes in the text to direct the reader to a shortened citation at the bottom of the page. This corresponds to a fuller citation on a Bibliography page that concludes the document. Though the general principles of citation are the same here, the citations themselves are formatted differently from the way they appear in Author-Date.

Keep in mind, however, that each school has a slightly dierent approach to the essay paper.Thus, it is important to follow what your teachers have taught you in class closely and usethese notes to plug in any gaps that may exist.

Method: Rule your paper with a 2 _ inch margin on the left leaving a six-inch area on the right in which to make notes. During class, take down information in the six-inch area. When the instructor moves to a new point, skip a few lines. After class, complete phrases and sentences as much as possible. For every significant bit of information, write a cue in the left margin. To review, cover your notes with a card, leaving the cues exposed. Say the cue out loud, then say as much as you can of the material underneath the card. When you have said as much as you can, move the card and see if what you said matches what is written. If you can say it, you know it.

Inert polyester film (Melinex 516) is available by the roll in thicknesses ranging from 2 mil to 7 milEndnote 1. The most useful thickness is 3 mil. Mylar is also available in prepared folders, sheets, sleeves, and envelopes to store works on paper. Other types of plastic film should not be substituted. However, because it can pick up and hold an electrostatic charge, polyester film is not recommended for use with works of art on paper that may offset, such as charcoal, pastel, chalk drawings, and watercolours. Polyester film is generally recommended only for archival material such as maps, documents, posters, letters, etc.

Relative humidity (RH) over 60% accelerates chemical and biological deterioration. It also promotes the distortion of paper. Therefore, the recommended RH level for general paper collections is below 50%.

Research supports the theory that at 20oC and 30% RH, the lifespan of a typical woodpulp paper is twice what it would be at 20oC and 50% RH. Many collections are in a state of chemical self-destruction, but low temperature and low RH can slow this process dramatically. While some variation in temperature and RH is acceptable, strive to maintain constant levels.

Whether in storage or on display, it is necessary to reduce the amount of light and restrict the exposure time for paper artifacts. The recommended level of illumination for sensitive materials, such as watercolours, coloured prints, and works on poor-quality paper, is 50 lux or as low as possible. A maximum level of 150 lux is recommended for works without light-sensitive materials, such as stable carbon inks on good-quality paper.

JC Students can get free notes on the SG exams website, which hosts a collection of GP notes that are available to everyone. You can also choose to get free notes from seniors who have already taken their A Level GP paper. However, know that this is not a substitution for knowing current events that may be tackled in your assessment. You can also choose to join GP tuition centres to get high-quality GP notes, like illum.e. We cover popular A Level GP topics at great depth with no compromise in breadth.

"Every person who makes, or knowingly has in his possession any die, plate, or any apparatus, paper, metal, machine, or other thing whatever, made use of in counterfeiting coin current in this state, or in counterfeiting gold dust, gold or silver bars, bullion, lumps, pieces, or nuggets, or in counterfeiting bank notes or bills, is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three or four years; and all such dies, plates, apparatus, paper, metal, or machine, intended for the purpose of aforesaid, must be destroyed." (Stats. 1977, ch. 165, 6, p. 642.)

[1b] At first glance, the plain meaning of the statute seems to encompass possession of a completed bill. The statute proscribes the knowing possession of any paper or other thing made use of in counterfeiting. To "make use" of something means to put to use, to use, or to employ. (See Webster's Third New Internat. Dict. (1986) p. 1364.) The verb "to counterfeit," used in the transitive sense reflected in the statute, means to imitate fraudulently, to copy with intent to deceive, or to make a fraudulent copy or replica of something of value. (Id. at p. 519.) Thus, on a very literal level, possession of counterfeit paper money constitutes possession of the paper made use of in counterfeiting.

The statute begins with a list of things which shall not be possessed. Those things comprise a class consisting of tools or materials which are used in making counterfeit currency. The general words "or any other thing whatever" follow. [3] It is established that where general words follow the enumeration of particular classes of things, the general words will be [10 Cal. App. 4th 1265] construed as applicable only to things of the same general nature or class as those enumerated. The rationale is that if the Legislature had intended the general words to be used in their unrestricted sense, it would not have mentioned the particular things or classes of things, which would in that event become mere surplusage. (Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. San Diego County Dist. Council of Carpenters (1979) 25 Cal. 3d 317, 331, fn. 10 [158 Cal. Rptr. 370, 599 P.2d 676].) This rule of construction is applied with some stringency in construing criminal statutes. (People v. Wolff (1964) 61 Cal. 2d 795, 821 [40 Cal. Rptr. 271, 394 P.2d 959].) [1d] The class consists of things used for printing or stamping and the paper upon which the printing is put. Arguably, the class includes only things that go into the process of making counterfeit currency. That the Legislature did not intend to include completed currency is bolstered by reference to the final sentence of the section, which mandates destruction of such materials which are intended for the aforesaid purpose. That purpose is counterfeiting, or the making of false copies. Surely a completed bill cannot be used to make a counterfeit copy. 17dc91bb1f