API 560 is a standard that specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, materials, fabrication, inspection, testing, preparation for shipment, and erection of fired heaters, air preheaters (APHs), fans, and burners for general refinery service. It covers sections such as Purchaserâs and Vendorâs Responsibilities; Design Considerations (Process, Combustion and Mechanical); Materials of Construction; Tubes and Tube Supports; Headers, Piping, Terminals, and Manifolds; Loads and Allowable Stress; Refractory Linings and Castable Design and Construction; Structures and Appurtenances; Stacks, Ducts and Breeching; Burners, Dampers and Controls; Fan Drives; Sootblowers; Instruments and Connections; Shop Fabrication and Field Erection; Inspection and Testing; Air Preheat Systems; Efficiency Measurement; and Noise Measurement.
API 560 was first published in 1986 and has undergone several revisions since then. The latest edition is the fifth edition, which was published in February 2016. The fifth edition incorporates many changes and improvements from the previous editions, such as new definitions, terminology, symbols, units of measurement, references, equations, figures, tables, data sheets, annexes, and editorial corrections. Some of the major changes include the following:
The scope of the standard was expanded to include air preheaters (APHs), fans, and burners for general refinery service.
The design considerations section was revised to include more guidance on process design parameters, combustion calculations, mechanical design criteria, thermal expansion analysis, vibration analysis, noise analysis, and efficiency calculation.
The materials of construction section was updated to include more information on tube metallurgy selection criteria based on API Standard 530, tube welding requirements based on ASME Section IX, tube bending requirements based on ASME B31.3, tube support materials selection criteria based on API Standard 936, header materials selection criteria based on ASME B16.5 and B16.47, piping materials selection criteria based on ASME B31.3, refractory materials selection criteria based on API Standard 975 or API Standard 976, and structural materials selection criteria based on AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings.
The tubes and tube supports section was revised to include more details on tube layout design principles, tube pitch calculation methods, tube wall thickness calculation methods based on API Standard 530, tube support types, tube support design methods, tube support welding requirements, tube support inspection requirements, tube support testing requirements, and tube support repair methods.
The headers section was revised to include more details on header types, header design methods, header fabrication methods, header welding requirements, header inspection requirements, header testing requirements, header repair methods, header protection methods, header marking methods, header documentation methods, piping design methods, piping fabrication methods, piping welding requirements, piping inspection requirements, piping testing requirements, piping repair methods, piping protection methods, piping marking methods, piping documentation methods, terminal design methods, terminal fabrication methods, terminal welding requirements, terminal inspection requirements, terminal testing requirements, terminal repair methods, terminal protection methods, terminal marking methods, terminal documentation methods, manifold design methods,
manifold fabrication methods,
manifold welding requirements,
manifold inspection requirements,
manifold testing requirements,
manifold repair methods,
manifold protection methods,
manifold marking methods,
and manifold documentation methods.
The loads and allowable stress section was revised to include more details on load types, load combinations, load factors, stress categories, stress limits, stress analysis methods, stress reduction methods, and stress documentation methods.
The refractory linings and castable design and construction section was revised to include more details on refractory types, refractory properties, refractory selection criteria, refractory design methods, refractory installation methods, refractory curing methods, refractory drying methods, refractory inspection methods, refractory testing methods, refractory repair methods, and refractory documentation methods.
The structures and appurtenances section was revised to include more details on structure types, structure design methods, structure fabrication methods, structure welding requirements, structure inspection requirements, structure testing requirements, structure repair methods, structure protection methods, structure marking methods, structure documentation methods, appurtenance types, appurtenance design methods, appurtenance fabrication methods, appurtenance welding requirements, appurtenance inspection requirements, appurtenance testing requirements, appurtenance repair methods, appurtenance protection methods, appurtenance marking methods, and appurtenance documentation methods.
The stacks section was revised to include more details on stack types, stack design methods,
stack fabrication methods,
stack welding requirements,
stack inspection requirements,
stack testing requirements,
stack repair methods,
stack protection methods,
stack marking methods,
stack documentation methods,
duct design methods,
duct fabrication methods,
duct welding requirements,
duct inspection requirements,
duct testing requirements,
duct repair methods,
duct protection methods,
duct marking methods,
and duct documentation methods.
The burners, dampers and controls section was revised to include more details on burner types, burner design methods, burner fabrication methods, burner inspection requirements, burner testing requirements, burner repair methods, burner protection methods, burner marking methods, burner documentation methods, damper types, damper design methods, damper fabrication methods, damper inspection requirements, damper testing requirements, damper repair methods, damper protection methods, damper marking methods, damper documentation methods, control types, control design methods, control fabrication methods, control inspection requirements, control testing requirements, control repair methods, control protection methods, control marking methods, and control documentation methods.
The fan drives section was revised to include more details on fan drive types, fan drive design methods, fan drive fabrication methods, fan drive inspection requirements, fan drive testing requirements, fan drive repair methods, fan drive protection methods, fan drive marking methods, and fan drive documentation methods.
The sootblowers section was revised to include more details on sootblower types, sootblower design methods,
sootblower fabrication methods,
sootblower inspection requirements,
sootblower testing requirements,
sootblower repair methods,
sootblower protection methods,
sootblower marking methods,
and sootblower documentation methods.
The instruments and connections section was revised to include more details on instrument types, instrument design methods,
instrument fabrication methods,
instrument inspection requirements,
instrument testing requirements,
instrument repair methods,
instrument protection methods,
instrument marking methods,
instrument documentation methods,
connection types,
connection design methods,
connection fabrication methods,
connection inspection requirements,
connection testing requirements,
connection repair methods,
connection protection methods,
connection marking methods,
and connection documentation methods.
The shop fabrication and field erection section was revised to include more details on shop fabrication methods, shop fabrication inspection requirements, shop fabrication testing requirements, shop fabrication repair methods, shop fabrication protection methods, shop fabrication marking methods, shop fabrication documentation methods, field erection methods, field erection inspection requirements, field erection testing requirements, field erection repair methods, field erection protection methods, field erection marking methods, and field erection documentation methods.
The inspection and testing section was revised to include more details on inspection types, inspection methods, inspection acceptance criteria, inspection documentation methods, testing types, testing methods, testing acceptance criteria, and testing documentation methods.
The air preheat systems section was revised to include more details on air preheater types, air preheater design methods, air preheater fabrication methods, air preheater inspection requirements, air preheater testing requirements, air preheater repair methods, air preheater protection methods, air preheater marking methods, and air preheater documentation methods.
The efficiency measurement section was revised to include more details on efficiency measurement methods, efficiency measurement equipment, efficiency measurement procedures, efficiency measurement calculations, and efficiency measurement documentation methods.
The noise measurement section was revised to include more details on noise measurement methods, noise measurement equipment, noise measurement procedures, noise measurement calculations, and noise measurement documentation methods.
API 560 is a comprehensive and authoritative standard that provides guidance and best practices for the design, materials, fabrication, inspection, testing, preparation for shipment, and erection of fired heaters and related components in refineries. It aims to ensure the safety, reliability, efficiency, and performance of fired heaters in various operating conditions. It also helps to reduce the environmental impact of fired heaters by minimizing emissions and noise. API 560 is widely used by the petroleum industry as a reference for fired heater specifications and contracts.
If you want to learn more about API 560 or download a PDF copy of the standard, you can visit the official website of API or use the Bing search engine to find more resources.
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