Suitable learning theories that align with active learning

Constructivism and experiential learning theories are both successful methodologies for active learning in the fourth industrial revolution. Mughal and Zafar (2011) argue that constructivism encourages learner to build their understanding through hands-on activities, whereas experiential learning emphasizes learning by tangible encounters, introspective observation, and experimentation. Both philosophies promote active engagement and motivation. 

Self-directed learning theory encourages learners to take the initiative in their learning process, create goals, and track progress. It is consistent with active learning approaches such as problem-based learning and play pedagogy, which promote critical thinking, problem-solving, and adaptation in quickly changing 4IR and 5IR situations (Kommers, 2003).