The potential extinction of the Sonoran Desert Toad can be easily 5 meo dmt  prevented by switching to synthetic forms of 5‐MeO‐DMT that in addition allow full control over their pharmacological constellation and hence, their safety of use. Conceptually, all formulations (smoked, vaped, IM, intranasal, intravenous) allow for high bioavailability of 5‐MeO‐DMT because they avoid first‐pass metabolism, with intravenous formulations providing maximal (100%) bioavailability. IM, intravenous, intranasal, and vaped administration offer easy control of dose delivery as compared to smoking.

The below excerpts from the subject exemplify that their view on the NDE's potential induction via such endogenous chemicals is not purely predicated on the similarities of their phenomenology, but upon more subjective opining on the available neuroscience, leading to discussions of philosophy of mind. Finally, a more nuanced, novel neural approach is taken in the analysis, but with certain caveats which themselves then provoke the resurfacing of the challenges of the origin of consciousness. The following excerpts for each theme are either singularly from Nikoli's NDE report (appearing in roughly chronological order) or from the interview comparing the NDE to his 5MeO experience. Therefore, they are not directly contrasted as above, as they do not have counterparts in the other experience.

The preliminary therapeutic evidence, as well as the potential pharmacological advantages of 5‐MeO‐DMT versus other classical psychedelics, has proven intriguing to researchers and pharmaceutical companies alike, fueling a growing number of clinical trials which are currently in various stages of development (Table 1). At present, two clinical studies have been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the aim to establish the safety of inhalable and intranasal formulations of 5‐MeO‐DMT in healthy volunteers. The inhalable formulation has also been administered to patients with treatment‐resistant depression in order to assess safety and efficacy. Both studies with the inhalable formulation have been completed and the safety data collected from healthy volunteers were recently published (Reckweg et al., 2021).

Observational research has demonstrated that smoking/inhalation of 5‐MeO‐DMT vapor causes a very rapid onset of subjective effects, reaching peak effects in a matter of seconds (Uthaug, Lancelotta, Ortiz Bernal, et al., 2020) and lasting for 15–20 min (Weil & Davis, 1994). The magnitude of the experience however may vary considerably between individuals, as about 20–30% of participants in 5‐MeO‐DMT ceremonies reported a low to medium psychedelic experience (Uthaug et al., 2019; Uthaug, Lancelotta, Szabo, et al., 2020). This variability in psychedelic experience may have been caused by differences in doses administered at ceremonies, inhalation techniques, and the actual concentration of 5‐MeO‐DMT used by different facilitators. Potential mechanisms underlying positive mental health changes induced by psychedelics have been attributed to both the psychological psychedelic experience (Yaden & Griffiths, 2021) as well as the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms (Olson, 2021).

Comparisons were made by determining the change for each individual neuron and then coming up with the mean of those percentages changes. Burst analysis was carried out using previously described procedures (Laviolette et al., 2005). Off-line analysis was performed using the SPIKE 2 software (Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Power spectra were constructed (Fig. 1d) by using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) of 1-min signal intervals (band-pass filter of 0.1–100 Hz). Power data of 2-min periods were averaged, corresponding to baseline (4th–5th min), clorgyline (14th–15th  min post-administration), 5-MeO-DMT (4th–5th min post-administration), and 5-MeO-DMT + drug (4th–5th min post-administration of last drug). Observational research (Uthaug et al., 2019) has suggested that improvements in mental health outcomes following a single exposure to 5‐MeO‐DMT can sustain for months.

The following analysis uses quotes from both the NDE account and the subsequent interview to explore potential mechanisms for the emergence of certain aspects of Nikoli's, as well as other individuals' NDEs. Second, the ongoing Phase I studies will hopefully provide invaluable information about our novel intranasal formulations of 5-MeO-DMT and its pharmacokinetics and metabolism profile. However, we advise against consuming this chemical substance and only use it for research purposes. The price of 5-MEO-DMT is very low, which makes it a low barrier to entry and participate in the research. This rulemaking does not preempt or modify any provision of State law; nor does it impose enforcement responsibilities on any State; nor does it diminish the power of any State to enforce its own laws.