Decoding: Is the ability to apply knowledge of letter-sound relationships to read words. It involves sounding out letters and blending them together to recognize and pronounce words correctly. 

Blending: This is the ability to put letter sounds together to form words. For example, if a child knows the sounds /c/, /a/, and /t/, they can blend them together to read the word "cat."

Sound Recognition: Children learn that each letter of the alphabet represents a specific sound. For example, the letter "B" makes the /b/ sound, and the letter "S" makes the /s/ sound.

Segmenting: This is the opposite of blending. Instead of putting sounds together, children break words apart into their individual sounds. For example, if they hear the word "dog," they can separate it into /d/, /o/, and /g/.  

Digraph: Is a pair of letters that work together to make a single sound, such as "ch" in "chip" or "sh" in "ship." 

Vowel Patterns: Children learn different ways vowels can sound in words, like the difference between short vowels ("cat," "bed") and long vowels ("cake," "lake"). 

Sight Words: Some words don’t follow normal phonics rules, so children learn to recognize them by sight. Words like "the," "said," and "come" are common examples. 

Syllables and Word Parts: As children progress, they learn to break longer words into syllables to make reading easier. For  example, "sunset" can be broken into "sun" and "set."