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References (Updating, and mostly verified by humans.)

🥺There are questionable articles probably generated by AIs. The contents may be summaries of the existing literature and could be harmless. But double check the authors' qualifications before you use them as the sources of evidence. These two articles were available in J-STORE platform, developed and managed by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) but, unfortunatrely, it does not gurantee the quality of individual journals and articles. The two authors are probably "fake" names:

(1) Kato, R. (2025). The research progress on the geographical analysis of rice price evolution in Japan: Environmental, human, and global interaction perspectives. Geographical Research Bulletin, 4, 398-401. https://doi.org/10.50908/grb.4.0_398
(2) Yanagi, M. (2025). Geographical drivers of rising rice prices in Japan: Climate change, socioeconomic restructuring, and trade policy barriers. Geographical Research Bulletin, 4, 402-405. https://doi.org/10.50908/grb.4.0_402

Bird, W. (2011, May 13). Japan as a rice culture? Not so quick, says anthropologist. Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/03/13/environment/japan-as-a-rice-culture-not-so-quick-says-anthropologist/

Fujibayashi, K. (2026, May 28). Japan to Transform Paddy Field Support Payments to Productivity-Based Support in 2027. United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. https://www.usdajapan.org/market-research/reports/sector_reports/12046/ (Note that this policy change is after March 1st, 2026, and may be excluded from the "present situation" of the HEnDA resolution. It is unclear whether debaters may be able to "predict" this chanage, rather thatn simply stating this is the present situation.)

Fujibayashi, K. (2026, April 2026). High Domestic Rice Prices Drive Record Private SectorImports in 2025. United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. https://www.usdajapan.org/market-research/reports/sector_reports/11933/

Fujiki, H. (2000). Japanese rice market liberalisation: A competitive equilibrium approach. The Japanese Economic Review 51(4), 492–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5876.00166 (Hiroshi Fujiki was an Bank of Japan economist in 2000. He is currently a professor of commerce at Chuo University.) 

Gao, M., & Amos, T. (2025, May 30). Soaring rice prices are stirring political trouble in Japan – history shows this often leads to a change of government. The Conversation. https://doi.org/10.64628/AB.mgqx3jtqt (Ming Gao is a Research Scholar of East Asia Studies, Lund University. Timothy Amos is a Senior Lecturer in Japanese Studies, University of Sydney.)  

Jeyaretnam, M. (2025, May 8). Why Rice Is a Sticking Point in U.S.-Japan Trade Talks. TIME. https://time.com/7283809/japan-us-trade-talks-rice-agriculture-protectionism-reform-trump-tariffs/ (Miranda Jeyaretnam is a reporter at TIME, based in the Singapore bureau. She covers the Asia-Pacific region and global overnight news.)  

Koshida, C., & Katayama, N. (2018). Meta‐analysis of the effects of rice‐field abandonment on biodiversity in Japan. Conservation Biology, 32(6), 1392-1402. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcobi.13156
"We conducted the first meta-analysis of the impacts of rice-field abandonment on biodiversity, in which we considered multiscale factors, such as taxon surveyed, landscape context, and climate. Species richness and abundance after abandonment decreased to 56–72%. This reduced biodiversity was unlikely to recover, at least for plant species richness, even after 10–15 years. These results suggest rewilding will not necessarily be achieved by rice-field abandonment." (p. 1392)

Lee, H., & Itakura, K. (2014). TPP, RCEP, and Japan’s agricultural policy reforms. OSIPP Discussion Paper: DP-2014-E-003, Osaka School of International Public Policy, Osaka University. https://www.osipp.osaka-u.ac.jp/archives/DP/2014/DP2014E003.pdf

Moore, R. (2004).The Japanese rice paradox. Education about Asia, 9(3), 10-13. https://doi.org/10.65959/eaa.594 (Richard Moore was a visiting scholar at the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture National Research Institute for Agricultural Policy in 2004.) 

Nitta, A., Yamamoto, Y., Kondo, K., & Sawauchi, D. (2020). Direct payments to Japanese farmers: Do they reduce rice income inequality? Lessons for other Asian countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(5), 968-981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.02.006

Nitta, A., Yamamoto, Y., Severini, S., Kondo, K., & Sawauchi, D. (2022). Effects of direct payments on rice income variability in Japan. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 66(1), 118-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12445

Nomura, M. (2025, August 19). More than a meal: A lunchtime lesson in Japan’s “Shokuiku”. Global Partnership for Education. https://www.globalpartnership.org/blog/more-meal-lunchtime-lesson-japans-shokuiku (Marika Nomura is a Senior Advisor, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). She holds PhD, MSc, MBA and joined JICA as an advisor on nutrition in 2018, supporting technical cooperation in project formation, monitoring and evaluation, and capacity building related to nutrition and health.)  

Ogawa, M. (2025, June 3). Japan’s High Rice Prices: A Review of the Situation and a Look Ahead. Nippon.com. https://www.nippon.com/en/in-depth/d01136/ (Masayuki Ogawa is an Agricultural scientist specializing in agricultural economics, with a focus on paddy rice farming policy. Assistant professor at both Utsunomiya University and the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology. 

Ohnuki-Tierney, E. (1993). Rice as self: Japanese identities through time. Princeton University Press. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=WV6YDwAAQBAJ (Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney is a Professor of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.) 

Ohnuki-Tierney, E. (2004). Rice as self: Japanese identities through time. Education about Asia, 9(3), 4-9. https://doi.org/10.65959/eaa.593  (Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney is a Professor of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.) 

Tanaka, T., & Hosoe, N. (2011). Does Agricultural Trade Liberalisation Increase Risks of Supply-Side Uncertainty?: Effects of Productivity Shocks and Export Restrictions on Welfare and Food Supply in Japan. Food Policy 36 (3), 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2011.01.002

Vellinga, N., & Tanaka, T. (2025). Updating the analysis of rice import liberalization in Japan: A dynamic-stochastic CGE modelling approach. Applied Economics, 57(6), 690-708. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2024.2305617 (Nico Vellinga is an Economic Modelling Expert at HENDYPLAN. Tetsuji Tanaka is a professor at the Department of Economics, Meiji Gakuin University.) 

Weldemariam, H. (2009, May 14). Abolition of Rice Import Tariff and Its Impact on the Welfare of Japan: A General Equilibrium Analysis. SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1404384 

Yamashita, K. (2018, January 24). Why Do Rice Prices Rise?: Farmers aren't poor. The acreage-reduction policy only hurts the taxpayers / consumers. The Canon Institute for Global Studies. https://cigs.canon/en/article/20180124_4708.html
(The article was originally posted on Webronza on November 29, 2017.  Kazuhito YAMASHITA is Research Director of the Canon Institute for Global Studies and Senior Fellow (Adjunct), Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI))