2-A-2
多物種正義（二）：多於人的社群依存

摘要

小米（Sectaria italica），是傳統上台灣原住民族的主食，也是廣泛分佈於亞非的重要糧食作物。小米，不單單是人類所依賴的食物，它更承載了許多與人類文化以及其它物種連結的複雜生態人文關係。本文將以敘事與行動研究的方法論，闡述小米與泰雅遷徙文化、氣候變遷與傳統領域之間的關係，並從中論證以小米敘事為出發的泰雅家園想像以及多物種連結的關係。本文將分為四個部分：第一部分敘述產生自新竹尖石鄉部落的「小米方舟行動」其中的泰雅小米文化復育歷史; 第二部分將指出小米與泰雅神話敘事、遷徙歷史發展、燒墾輪耕的在地知識以及傳統流域觀的密切關係，並說明小米這個物種是如何成為「泰雅小米」的生態文化與政治的過程; 第三部分闡釋在泰雅的傳統農耕中，小米是如何與人類互動並且在生產、製備與食用的過程中連結到更多的生物，並且構成了一個泰雅生態家園的想像; 最後本文將以小米連結在泰雅家園的敘事裡提出「生態它者」與「生態互依」的概念，並在多物種理論的探討中提供一個台灣的在地論述。

關鍵字：小米、小米方舟、家園互依、生態它者、多物種理論

Abstract

Gallus gallus, the red junglefowl, commonly known in American English as a chicken (G. gallus domesticus) is now the most common bird in the world. Because the timing of a breeding-induced deformation and rapid population increase of G. gallus corresponded with the explosion of the first nuclear bombs, the Anthropocene Working Group is now investigating G. gallus as a potential stratigraphic indicator species for the Anthropocene. When Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer proposed that the concept of the Anthropocene, they referenced two antecedent concepts: Antonio Stoppani’s Anthropozoic Era, and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Vladimir Vernadsky’s noösphere. Both Stoppani and Teilhard de Chardin were Catholic clerics that envisioned a divine teleological process leading to the perfection of the human being, while Vernadsky envisioned the realization of the perfection of the human brain through a physical process of evolution and cephalization. Later, as opposed to the perfection of the human, James Lovelock’s Gaia and Thomas Berry’s Ecozoic Era recognized human reliance on earth systems regulated by an array of critical species. In this paper, I examine how these various historical streams of thought influence the Anthropocene discourse today by examining the genealogy of the concept of the Anthropocene, and question whether humans are capable of actively managing earth systems. I argue an epoch named the Galluscene rather than the Anthropocene would allow us both to draw more attention to adaptive interdependence rather than human domination and to see other species as active agents and stakeholders.

Keywords: Anthropocene, noösphere, teleology, Gallus gallus, chicken