1-E-3
在地生態

摘要

As part of this conference, my intervention will focus on the ghostly presence of the clouded leopard in the mountains of Taiwan and for the Paiwan. The leopard (called likulau by the Paiwan) this strange creature declared extinct for decades, maintains an ambiguous status for the Austronesians Paiwan: between absence and presence, between the world of the living and that of the spirits. Starting from my fieldwork research among the Paiwan of Taitung and Pingtung, I will observe how the presence of the leopard is reactivated through discourses, objects and practices. Despite an emphasize on the relational break with this animal generally thought to have disappeared, stories constantly remind us of the doubt that hovers over its extinction. If at first the informants’ speeches stress on the extinction of the feline, in a second time it appears that certain Paiwan keep believing in its presence: some saw it, others heard hunters speak about it. There is no simple answer regarding it.

The narrations surrounding the leopard constantly re-enact its presence and maintain a strong imaginary concerning it. Between absence and presence, memory and legend, the leopard continues to be talked about. In the legends, the feline is linked to the idea of transition between human and spiritual worlds, which leads to reflect on the conception of death among the Paiwan. This will make possible to better understand the complexity of the presence of the feline - a presence going beyond the simple distinction between extinction or survival - but also to reconsider the idea of extinction which should not necessarily be perceived as a total disappearance. If at the beginning of my research I was trying to understand whether the clouded leopard was still alive in flesh and blood or completely disappeared, my fieldwork has gradually made this divide disappear and replaced it with a blurred border without clear delimitation between absence and presence, between flesh animal and wandering spirit. This presentation will therefore give to imagine the clouded leopard in its complexity so as to better grasp the discourse and the imaginary which surrounds it and this starting from the point of view of the Paiwan.

Keywords: Extinction, Clouded leopard, Paiwan, absent presence

摘要

互利共生（Mutualism），是指在生物界中某兩個物種之間互相依賴與獲利的共生關係。在自然界中，共生是成功存活的關鍵，亦及在復雜系統中以互惠互利的最佳關係模方式一起進行。互利共生是宿主和共生體之間的一種關係，兩種生物都受益，沒有人受到傷害。這種關係可能會持續更長時間或短期。

榕屬植物 （Ficus spp.）及其授粉榕小蜂間之共生關係是探討共同演化常見的例子，出現在大約 7500 萬年前的無花果授粉黃蜂與其無花果宿主形成義務性互利共生體更是經典案例。

宿主與共生體之間長期的共同演化的歷史中, 除了互利共生的關係之外，也存在著對資源的競爭與對抗關係。在二者的競爭關係中, 在不同的策略下，公共資源（雌花）在種子發育和共生體後代養育的分配中存在著不確定性。二者間豐富多樣的形態特徵和行為策略也形成物種分化，促進了物種多樣性的形成。

在倡議生態環境永續及人類與環境共存、共融、共生的當下，本文試圖參考自然界中存在7500萬年前的利己與利他的互利共生關係，從人類中心論（anthropocentrism; homocentrism）轉向生態中心論（ecocentrism），這種將關注點從人轉到生態為中心的「生態轉向」（ecological turn）的出發點，也許能找出得以建立共生關係的合作模式，以達到生態圈物種的平衡、適應性與和諧。

關鍵字：互利共生、生態中心論、合作模式