Phenomena that lead to defective FFF will be separately quantified via both in-situ and ex-situ monitoring of FFF, using model polymers with different degrees of volume shrinkage upon solidification, as well as of crystallization kinetics. 

A simulation code for FFF will be developed. The code will go much further beyond the state of-the art, as it will simultaneously account for multiple phenomena (crystallization, elongation, complex temperature profile, etc.) occurring during FFF. This will allow to simulate the whole FFF process and predict the final part properties, to develop a best practice based on the use of a simulation tool for producing zero-defect parts. 

Once the process is optimized, FFF technology will be expanded to fast-crystallizing polymers, like polyolefins, which are the most widely commercialized polymers, but nearly not used in FFF. As demonstrative product, an orthopedic prototype made of iPP will be fabricated by FFF.