Aristocratic Families of Early Imperial China: A Case Study of the Po-ling Ts’ui Family. Cambridge University Press, 1978. viii, 249 pp. Paperback reissue 2009. Chinese translation 2012
Family and Property in Sung China: Yüan Ts’ai’s Precepts for Social Life. Translated, with annotation and 171-page introduction. Princeton University Press, 1984, 367 pp. Paperback reissue 2016.
Confucianism and Family Rituals in Imperial China: A Social History of Writing About Rites. Princeton University Press, 1991, 277 pp. Paperback reissue 2016.
Chu Hsi’s Family Rituals: A Twelfth-Century Chinese Manual for the Performance of Cappings, Weddings, Funerals, and Ancestral Rites. Translated, with annotations and 31page introduction. Princeton University Press, 1991, xxxi + 234 pp. Paperback reissue 2014.
Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period. University of California Press, 1993, 332 pp. (hard cover and paperback) Awarded Levenson Prize of the Association for Asian Studies. Translations: Korean translation by Bae Sook-hee. Seoul: Sam Ji won Publishing Company, 2000. Chinese translation by Hu Zhihong. Nanjing: Jiangsu People’s Publishing house, 2004.
Women and the Family in Chinese History. Routledge, 2003, 291 pp. In series, Critical Asian Scholarship.
Accumulating Culture: The Collections of Emperor Huizong. University of Washington Press, 2008. 497 pp. Chinese Translation in press. Awarded Shimada Prize
Emperor Huizong. Harvard University Press, 2014, 680 pp. Hardcover and ebook. Chinese Translation, 2018.
Kinship Organization in Late Imperial China, 1000-1940. Co-editor with James L. Watson. University of California Press, 1986, 319 pp. Paperback reissue 2018.
Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society. Co-editor with Rubie S. Watson. University of California Press, 1991, 385 pp., in paperback and hard cover. Chinese translation in preparation.
Religion and Society in T’ang and Sung China. Co-edited with Peter Gregory. University of Hawaii Press, 1993, 379 pp.
Culture and Power in the Reconstitution of the Chinese Realm, 200-600. Co-edited with Scott Pearce and Audrey Spiro. Harvard University East Asia Center, 2001, 359 pp.
Emperor Huizong and Late Northern Song China: The Politics of Culture and the Culture of Politics. Co-edited with Maggie Bickford. Harvard University Asia Center, 2006, 625 pp.
State Power in China, 900-1325, co-edited with Paul Jakov Smith. University of Washington Press, 2016, 363 pp. Reissued in paper, 2019
Visual and Material Cultures in Middle Period China, co-edited with Shih-shan Susan Huang. Brill, 2017, 334 pp.
Chinese Funerary Biographies: An Anthology of Remembered Lives, co-edited with Ping Yao and Cong Ellen Zhang. University of Washington Press., 2019, 280 pp. Chinese translation, 追懷生命, 2021. Hardcover, paperback, ebook
Chinese Autobiographical Writing: An Anthology of Personal Accounts, co-authored with Ping Yao and Cong Ellen Zhang. University of Washington Press, 2023. Hardcover, paperback, and ebook
Chinese Civilization and Society: A Sourcebook. The Free Press, Macmillan, 1981, xxxv, 436 pp. Hard cover and paperback. Editor, compiler, author of about 50 pages of introductions and translator of twelve of the 89 selections.
Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. 2nd edition, revised and expanded. Free Press, 1993. Editor, compiler, and translator of 34 of the 100 selections. Paperback, 524 pp. Still in print.
The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press, 352 pp. First edition 1996. Paperback issued in 1999. Second edition with a new chapter, 2010. Third edition 2023. Translations: German 1996; Chinese, simplified characters, 2001; Korean 2001; Polish 2002; Chinese, traditional characters, 2005, Russian, 2009, Spanish 2009, Greek 2010.
A History of World Societies, co-authored originally with John McKay, Bennet Hill, and John Buckler, and since then with Roger Beck, Clare Crowston, and Merry Weisner-Hanks. Bedford-St. Martins. Fifth through eleventh editions, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018. All over 1000 pages. Responsible for about 30 percent of the book.
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Co-author with Anne Walthall and James Palais. Houghton Mifflin, First Edition 2006, second 2009, third 2014. 652 pp. Also available in two volumes as Premodern East Asia and Modern East Asia.
1. “Estate and Family Management in the Later Han as Seen in the Monthly Instructions for the Four Classes of People,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the 0rient 17 (1974), 173-205.
Reprinted in Roots and Routes of Development in China and India: Highlights of Fifty Years of the Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 1957-2007, edited by Jos Gommans (Editor), Harriet Zurndorfer. Brill, 2008.
2. “Later Han Stone Inscriptions,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 49 (1980), 325-53.
3. “Using Primary Sources in Teaching Social History,” American Historical Association Newsletter 18:8 (1980) 7-8. Reprinted in Teaching History Today, ed. Henry Bausum (American Historical Association, 1985), pp. 65- 70.
4. “Women in the Kinship System of the Southern Song Upper Class,” Historical Reflections, 8 (1981), 113-28. Reprinted in Stanley Johannessen and Richard Guisso, ed., Women in China: Current Directions in Historical Research. Philo, 1981.
5. “Types of Lineages in Ch’ing China: A Re-examination of the Changs of T’ung-ch’eng,” Ch’ing shih wen-t’i 4 (1983), 1-20.
6. “Patron-Client Relations in the Later Han,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 103 (1983), 533-42.
7. “Conceptions of the Family in the Sung Dynasty,” Journal of Asian Studies 43 (1984), 219245. Translation into Chinese, “宋代 ‘家’ 的概念” Zhongguo shi yanjiu dongtai 1985.1.
8. “Family Life in Late Traditional China: Introduction,” Modern China 10 (1984), 379-85.
9. “The Women in Liu Kezhuang’s Family,” Modern China 10 (1984), 415-40. Reprinted in Women and the Family in Chinese History.
10. “Family and Kinship in Chinese History,” Trends in History 3 (1985), 151-62.
11. “T’ang Guides to Verbal Etiquette,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 45 (1985), 581613.
12. “Concubines in Sung China,” Journal of Family History 11 (1986), 1-24. Reprinted in Women and the Family in Chinese History.
13. “Neo-Confucianism and the Chinese Shih-ta-fu,” American Asian Review 4 (1986), 34-43.
14. “The Dynamics of Elite Domination in Sung China,” (Review Article), Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 48 (1988), 493-519.
15. “Cremation in Sung China,” American Historical Review 95 (1990), 406-28. Reprinted in Women and the Family in Chinese History.
16. “Engendering Song History,” Journal of Sung-Yuan Studies 24 (1994): 340-346.
17. “Portrait Sculptures in Imperial Ancestral Rites in Song China,” T’oung Pao 83 (1997):42-
92.
18. “Gender and Sinology: Shifts in Western Interpretations of Footbinding, 1300-1890,” Late Imperial China, 20.2 (1999): 1-34. Reprinted in Women and the Family in Chinese History.
Translated into Chinese in Dangdai Xifang Hanxue yanjiu jicui 當代 西方 漢學研究集萃, ed. by Yao Ping (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2012), 147-86.
19. “Introduction to the Symposium on Visual Dimensions in Chinese Culture,” Asia Major
12.1 (1999): 1-7.
20. “Taking Out the Grand Carriage: Imperial Spectacle and the Visual Culture of Northern Song Kaifeng,” Asia Major 12.1 (1999):33-65. Chinese translation, by Xiaolin Duan, in Lishi wenxian yanjiu, 40 (2018), 131-55.
21. “談宮廷收藏對宮廷繪畫的影響—宋徽宗個案研究” [On the impact of court collecting on court painting: the case of Song Huizong] Zhongguo huahua. 2003.12: 80-83.
22. “Gongting shouzang dui gongting huihua de yingxiang: Song Huizong de gean yanjiu” (“The Impact of palace collecting on palace painting: the case of Song Huizong”) (in Chinese), Gugong bowuyuan [Palace Museum Journal] 113 (2004):105-13.
23. “Kisōchō no hishosei to bunkazai corekushon” (The Palace Library and the Collection of Cultural Relics, in Japanese) Ajia yūgaku 64 (2004): 13-30.
24. “Literati Culture and the Relationship between Huizong and Cai Jing,” Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 36 (2006), 1-24.
25. “Four Decades Engagement with Chinese History: A Conversation with Patricia Ebrey,” with Ping Yao, The Chinese Historical Review, 17.1 (2010), 96-109.
26. “Food and Drink in Zhu Xi’s Family Rituals” (in Korean), Kukhak yŏngu 國學硏究 (Korean Studies) 16 (2010), 369-.90.
27. “Huizong and the Imperial Dragon: Exploring the Material Culture of Imperial Sovereignty,” Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 41 (2011), 39-72.
28. “China’s Repeated Reunifications,” Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
60.2 (2017), 82-83.
29. “Informing the Public in Song China,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 79.1&2 (2019): 189-229.
30. “Song Sources for the Cultural Side of Migration,” Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 51.1 (2021), 5-35.
31. “Rethinking Han Chinese Identity,” The China Review 23.2 (2023), 57–86.
32. “Bringing Scholarship on The Early Medieval Period to a Broader Audience,” Early Medieval China, 29 (2023), 87-95, DOI: 10.1080/15299104.2023.2240141
33. “Periodizing by Dynasty,” Early Medieval China 30 (2024), 138-141.
“Introduction,” with J. L. Watson, in Kinship Organization in Late Imperial China, 10001940, ed. P.B. Ebrey and J.L. Watson. University of California Press, 1986, pp. 1-15.
“The Early Stages of the Development of Descent Group Organization,” Ibid., pp. 16-61. Reprinted in Women and the Family in Chinese History.
“Economic and Social History of the Later Han,” Cambridge History of China, I, edited by Michael Loewe and Denis Twitchett, Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 608-648.
“Education Through Ritual: Efforts to Formulate Family Rituals During the Sung Dynasty,” in Neo-Confucian Education: The Formative Stage, edited by Wm. Theodore de Bary and John W. Chaffee. University of California Press, 1989, pp. 277-305.
“Women, Marriage, and the Family in Chinese History,” in The Heritage of China, edited by Paul S. Ropp, University of California Press, 1990, pp. 197-223. Italian version: Donne, matrimonio e famiglia nella storia cinese” in L’eredità della Cina (Torino: Edizioni della Fondaxione Giovanni Angelli, 1994), pp. 225-56.
“Toward a Better Understanding of the Later Han Upper Class,” in State and Society in Early Medieval China, edited by Albert Dien. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990, pp. 49-72.
“The Chinese Family and the Spread of Confucian Values,” in The East Asian Region: Confucian Traditions and Modern Dynamism, edited by Gilbert Rozman. Princeton University Press, 1990, pp. 45-83.
“Introduction” in Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society, edited by R.S. Watson and P. B. Ebrey, University of California Press, 1991, pp. 1-24.
“Shifts in Marriage Finance, the Sixth Through Thirteenth Centuries,” in ibid., pp. 97-132. Reprinted in Women and the Family in Chinese History.
“Women, Money, and Class: Ssu-ma Kuang and Neo-Confucian Views on Women,” in Papers on Society and Culture of Early Modern China, ed. by Academia Sinica, Taipei, 1992, pp. 613-669. Reprinted in Women and the Family in Chinese History.
“Property Law and Uxorilocal Marriage in the Sung Period.” Family Process and Political Process in Modern Chinese History. Taipei: Institute for Modern History, Academia Sinica, 1992, pp. 33-66.
“Historical and Religious Landscape,” with Peter S. Gregory. In Religion and Society in T’ang and Sung China, edited by P.B. Ebrey and P.S. Gregory. University of Hawaii Press, 1993, pp. 1-44. Translated into Chinese in Dangdai Xifang Hanxue yanjiu jicui 當代 西方 漢學研究集萃, ed. Yao Ping (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2012), 163-97.
“The State Response to Popular Funeral Practices in the Sung,” in ibid., pp. 209-40
“Women and Malice in Hung Mai’s 1-chien chih.” In Yanagida Setsuko sensei koki kinen Chugoku no dento shakai to kazoku. Tokyo 1993, pp. 41-64.
“The Golden Age of Tang and Song,” in Cradles of Civilization: China, ed. Robert E Murowchick Sydney: Weldon Russell, 1994, pp. 135-43.
“Liturgies for Ancestral Rites in Successive Versions of the Family Rituals,” in Ritual and Scripture in Chinese Popular Religion: Five Studies, edited by David Johnson, University of California Center for Chinese Studies, 1995, pp. 104-36.
“Marriages Among the Sung Elite,” Chinese Historical Micro-demography, edited by Stevan Harrell. University of California Press, 1995, pp. 21-47.
“Surnames and Han Chinese Identity,” in Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan, edited by Melissa Brown. Institute for East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1996, pp. 11-36. Reprinted in Women and the Family in Chinese History.
“Sung Neo-Confucian Views on Geomancy,” in Meeting of Minds, festschrift for W.T. Chan and Wm. T. de Bary, edited by Irene Bloom and Joshua A. Fogel., Columbia University Press, 1997, pp. 75-107.
“Woman and Warrior,” and “Sex, Sons, and Wars of Succession,” in Men and Gods: New Discoveries from Ancient China. Lousiana, Denmark: Museum of Modern Art, 1997. Pp. 49-51, 92-95.
“Some Elements in the Intellectual and Religious Context of Chinese Art,” Five Thousand Years of Chinese Art. Guggenheim Museum of Art, 1998. Pp. 36-48.
“The Ritual Context of Sung Imperial Portraiture,” in Wen Fong, ed., The Arts of Sung and Yuan China, Princteon University Art Museum, 1999. Pp. 68-93.
“Taoism and Art at the Court of Song Huizong,” in Taoism and the Arts of China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Pp. 94-111.
“The Classic of Filial Piety for Women,” (translation) in Susan Mann, ed. Under Confucian Eyes: Writings on Gender in Chinese History. University of California Press, 2001. Pp. 46-69.
“Introduction,” with Scott Pearce and Audrey Spiro, in Culture and Power in the Reconstitution of the Chinese Realm, 200-600. Coedited with Scott Pearce and Audrey Spiro. Harvard University East Asian Council, 2001. Pp. 1-32.
“The Emperor and the Local Community in the Song Period,” in Chūgoku no rekishi sekai—tōgō no shisutemu to tagen teki hatten 中國の歷史世界 — 統合のシステム — 多元的發展. Tokyo: Tokyo toritsu daigaku shuppankai, 2002. Pp. 373-402.
“Wenren wenhua yu Huizong he Caijing de guanxi,” 文人文化與蔡京和徽宗的關係 [Literati Culture and the Relationship between Cai Jing and Huizong], in Songdai yanjiu wenji 宋代研究論文集, ed. Editorial Committee for the Ninth International Song History Conference. Baoding: Hebei daxue chubanshe, 2002. Pp. 142-60.
“Record, Rumor, and Imagination: Sources for the Women of Huizong’s Court Before and After the Fall of Kaifeng,” Tang-Song nüxing yu shehui, ed. Deng Xiaonan. Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe, 2003. Pp. 46-97.
“The Incorporation of Portraits into Chinese Ancestral Rites,” in The Dynamics of Changing Rituals: The Transformation of Religious Rituals within Their Social and Cultural Context, ed. Jens Kreinath, Constance Hartung, and Annette Deschner. New York: Peter Lang, 2004. Pp. 129-140.
“Imperial Filial Piety as a Political Problem,” in Filial Piety in Chinese Thought and History, ed. Alan K. L. Chan and Sor-hoon Tan. London: Routledge, 2004. Pp. 122-40.
“Confucianism,” in Sex, Marriage, and Family in World Religions, ed. Donald Browning, M. Christian Green, and John Witte Jr. Columbia University Press, 2006. Pp. 367-448. Includes selected translations with introductions.
“Introduction” and “Huizong’s Stone Inscriptions” in Emperor Huizong and Late Northern Song China: The Politics of Culture and the Culture of Politics. Co-edited with Maggie Bickford. Harvard University East Asia Center, 2006. Pp. 1-27 and 229-274.
“Succession to High Office: The Chinese Case,” in Technology, Literacy,and the Evolution of Society: Implications of the Anthropological Work of Jack Goody, ed. David R. Olson and Michael Cole. Erlbaum, 2006. Pp. 49-71.
“Rethinking Imperial Art Collecting: The Case of the Northern Sung,” in Conference on Founding Paradigms: Papers on the Art and Culture of the Northern Sung Dynasty. Taipei: National Palace Museum. 2009. Pp. 471-97.
“The Politics of Imperial Collecting in the Northern Song Period,” in Clara Ho, ed. Windows on the Chinese World. Lexington Books, 2009. Pp. 29-44.
“Replicating Zhou Bells at the Northern Song Court,” in Reinventing the Past: Archaism and Antiquarianism in Chinese Art and Visual Culture, ed. Wu Hung. Chicago: Art Media Resources. 2010. Pp. 179-99.
“Empress Xiang (1046–1101) and Biographical Sources beyond Formal Biographies” in Beyond Exemplar Tales: Cultural Politics and Women’s Biography in China, edited by Hu Ying and Joan Judge. University of California Press, 2011. Pp. 193-211. Book also translated into Chinese
“Huizong’s Kaifeng Building Projects,” (in Japanese, 徽宗朝の開封の建築計畫) in Seimei jōkazu to Kso no jidai—soshite kagayaki no zanshō 清明上河圖と徽宗の時代--そして輝きの殘照 edited by Ihara Hiroshi, 119-45. Tokyo: Benseishuppan, 2012).
“Food and Drink in Zhu Xi’s Family Rituals” (in Japanese, 朱熹の家禮における飲食物 , in Zhu Xi’s Family Rituals and Cultural Interactions in East Asia 朱子家禮とアジアの東文化交涉, edited by Juji Azuma and Park Won-jae. Tokyo: Kyuko Shoin, 2012), pp. 289-305.
“Illustrating Chinese Women’s History,” in Overt and Covert Treasures: Essays on the Sources for Chinese Women’s History, edited by Clara Ho. Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2012, pp. 217-59.
“Emperor Huizong as a Daoist.” Institute for Chinese Studies Visiting Professor Lecture Series III, pp. 47-89. Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2013.
“Remonstrating Against Royal Extravagance in Imperial China,” chapter in The Dynastic Center and the Provinces: Agents and Interactions, edited by Jeroen Duinham. Leiden: Brill, 2014, pp. 129-149.
“Song Government Policy,” chapter for Modern Chinese Religon, edited by John Lagerwey. Leiden: Brill, 2015, pp. 73-137.
“Court Painting,” chapter in A Companion to Chinese Art, edited by Martin Powers and Katherine Tsiang. Blackwell, 2016, pp. 29-46.
“China as a Contrasting Case: Bureaucracy and Empire in Song China, in Empires and Bureaucracies in World History, From Late Antiquity to the Twentieth Century, edited by Peter Crooks and Timothy Parsons. Cambridge University Press, 2016. Pp. 31-53.
“Introduction,” co-authored with Paul Jakov Smith, in State Power in China, 900-1350, edited by Patricia Ebrey and Paul Jakov Smith, University of Washington Press, 2016. pp. 3-26.
“Government-Forced Relocations in China, 900-1300,” in State Power in China, 9001350, edited by Patricia Ebrey and Paul Jakov Smith, University of Washington Press, 2016. pp. 307-349.
“Introduction,” in Visual and Material Cultures in Middle Period China, coedited by Patricia Buckley Ebrey and Shih-shan Susan Huang. Leiden: Brill, 2017. pp. 1-37.
Zhu Xi’s Colophons on Handwritten Documents,” in Visual and Material Cultures in Middle Period China, coedited by Patricia Buckley Ebrey and Shih-shan Susan Huang, Leiden: Brill, 2017, pp. 226-252.
“A Clerk Promoted to Official Under the Mongols,” chapter in Chinese Funerary Biographies: An Anthology of Remembered Lives. University of Washington Press, 2019, pp. 158-181.
“Giving the Public Due Notice in Song China and Renaissance Rome,” co-authored with Margaret Meserve, in Political Communication in Medieval Europe and Middle Period China, edited by Hilde De Weerdt. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press, 2021, pp. 345-82.
“Rethinking Han Chinese Identity,” in Being Chinese, Becoming Chinese: Interdisciplinary Reflections on Chinese Identity, edited by Daniel A. Bell. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, pp. 81-115.
“Reflections on Western Scholarship on Song History.” In Cambridge Companion to Song China, edited by Cong Ellen Zhang. In press.
“The Song Dynasty,” Encyclopedia of Asian History, edited by Ainslee Embree, Macmillan, 1986, III, pp. 495-500.
“China to 1644,” in The American Historical Association’s Guide to Historical Literature, ed. Mary Beth Norton and Pamela Gerardi, Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 283-307.
“China: History,” 20,000 word article for Encarta 2000.
“Filial Piety,” “Ancestral Worship,” “Rites of Passage,” “Wedding Rituals,” “Rituals of Adulthood,” “Funeral and Mortuary Rituals,” “Three Year Mourning,” in Encyclopedia of Confucianism, ed. Xinzhong Yao. London: Routledge, 2003.
“Women in China (400-1450),” “Empress Wu,” “Footbinding,” “Li Qingchao,” “Yang Guifei,” and “Xue Tao,” in Women in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia, ed. Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis. Greenwood Press, 2004, pp. 179-83, 344, 560-61, 957-61.
Thirty-seven reviews in the following journals:
American Historical Review
Asian Thought and Society
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies China Quarterly
China Review International
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
History of Education Quarterly
Journal of the American Oriental Society
Journal of Asian Studies
Journal of Chinese Religions
Journal of Chinese Studies
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
International Journal of Asian Studies
Journal of the American Sociological Association
A Visual Sourcebook for Chinese Civilization http: //depts.Washington.edu/chinaciv/
Teachers’ Guide for Chinese Civilization and Society: A Sourcebook. Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1983. 91 pp.
Teachers’ Guide for Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. With the assistance of Susan Harum. The Free Press, 1993. 56 pp.
“Comment,” to article by Alan Chun, Current Anthropology 37.3 (1996), 441-42.
“Foreword,” for The Sage and the Second Sex: Perspectives on Confucianism and Feminism, ed. Chenyang Li. Routledge, 2000.
“Preface,” Book of Burial: An Ancient Chinese Text with Annotation and Illustration, by Juwen Zhang. Edwin Mellen Press, 2004.
“Preface” (in Chinese) to a series of books translating English articles on Chinese history into Chinese, called Dangdai Xifang Hanxue yanjiu jicui 當代 西方 漢學研究集萃 (and also cogeneral editor for the series, with Yao Ping). The four volumes appeared in 2012, on ancient and medieval history, women’s history, and history of religion, and were reprinted in 2016.
Work in Progress
Book tentatively titled “Explaining China: A Century of Studying China and Chinese Culture at US Universities, 1925-2025.”
“Regional Differences in How People Live in Zhuang Chuo’s 莊綽 Jilei bian 雞肋編,” for an anthology of anecdotal sources being edited by Ari Levine, Zuo Ya, and Ellen Cong Zhang. Book submitted.
“The Doubling of the Population Between the Tang and the Song: History and Historiography,” chapter for volume on From Tang to Song, edited by Robert Hymes and Anna Shields, in final preparation for publication by Amsterdam University Press.
Draft chapters for a book tentatively titled “China: The Resilient Empire,” or “China as an Outlier in World History.” Set aside while I worked on the book about US China Studies but may return to it.