Introduction to Anatomy
Introduction to Anatomy
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ETYMOLOGY AND DEFINITION
ETYMOLOGY AND DEFINITION
Literally means to dissect or cut apart ( tomy - cut; ana - apart )
Discipline that investigates the structure of the body.
“Anatomy dictates physiology.”
FOUR BASIC APPROACHES
FOUR BASIC APPROACHES
Systemic Anatomy - the study of the body by the system ( e.g. nervous system, skeletal system, etc. )
Regional Anatomy - the study of the body by area ( e.g. head, abdomen, etc. )
Macroscopic / Gross Anatomy - large body structures ( e.g. heart, bones )
Microscopic Anatomy - structures that cannot be seen by the naked eye ( e.g. cells, tissues )
OVERVIEW OF THE HUMAN ANATOMY
OVERVIEW OF THE HUMAN ANATOMY
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Chemical Level
a. Simplest level
b. Atoms ( building blocks of matter ) combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins.
Cellular Level
a. Molecules associate to form cells ( smallest unit of living things ).
Tissue Level
a. Group of similar cells that have a common function.
Organ Level
a. Structure composed of 2 or more tissues that have a common function.
Organ System
a. Group of organs that work together for a common purpose.
Organism
a. Highest level of structural organization.
© By Pearsons College Div.
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Organs include:
Nostrils/ Nares
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Main Function: Keep the body supplied with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.
© By Wikimedia Commons
© By NurseLabs
URINARY SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM
Organs include:
Kidneys
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
Main Function: Remove the nitrogen-containing wastes and expel them from the body as urine.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Organs include:
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Ganglion
Body’s fast-acting control system
Main function: respond to stimulus.
Stimulus - changes in the environment
Sensory receptors - detect changes and send messages via nerve impulses or electrical signals to the CNS.
© By Oregon State University
© By Pearson College Div.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Organs include:
Muscles
Main function: contract or shorten to produce movement
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Organs include:
Female
Ovaries
Fallopian Tube
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Male
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Vas deferens
Testis
Penis
Urethra
Scrotum
© By Femina
Main function: to produce offspring and regulate sexual characteristics.
Male testes - produce sperm.
Female ovaries - produces ovaries.
© By CK-12 Foundation
SKELETAL SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Organs include:
Bones
Cartilage
Joint
Main function: support the body and provide a framework for the skeletal muscles to cause movement.
Also produces blood cells and stores and releases minerals.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Organs include:
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Thymus
Main functions:
Maintains fluid levels in the body tissues by removing all fluids that leak out of the blood vessels.
© By NCBI Bookshelf
© By OpenStax College
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Organs include:
Skin
Hair
Nails
Main function: cushion and protect deeper tissues from injuries.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Organs include:
Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Accessory digestive organs:
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Main function: break down food and deliver nutrients to the blood for dispersal.
© By Lumen Learning
© By Wikimedia Commons
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Organs include:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroids
Adrenals
Pineal body
Ovaries
Testes
Main function: secretion of hormones or chemical messengers.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Organs include:
Heart
Blood vessels
Main function: deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones using blood as carrier.
© By CardioSecur
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