Quantifying and Minimizing the Inequality of Election Resource Allocation
Josh's research project was motivated by his deep commitment to protecting the right to vote in the United States. In addition to optimizing polling locations for accessibility, Josh compared geographic access to polling before and after a key component of the Voting Rights Act was struck down in 2013. Josh applied the nonlinear Kolm-Pollak Equally Distributed Equivalent, a metric used in Environmental Justice that captures both the center and the spread of a distribution, to account for equity in his optimization models. Read a full abstract of Josh's work below.
At USNA, Josh was an Honors Operations Research major, a Bowman Scholar, and a trombone player in the Drum & Bugle Corps. Josh service selected Submarines and will complete a Master's Degree at the Naval Postgraduate School before reporting to the U.S. Navy's Nuclear Power School.
Polling locations are often unequally distributed and public policies have the potential to exasperate the disparity even if the intent is to improve access. We develop a facility location integer program to decide where to open precincts with the objective of minimizing the Kolm-Pollak Equally Distributed Equivalent (EDE) – an inequality aversion metric that captures the benefits of a statistical mean and standard deviation in a single statistic. Limitations in optimization solver technology make it impossible to optimize over the nonlinear EDE directly on city-size model instances which require millions of binary variables. We develop a linear objective function as a proxy for the EDE that allows us to optimize the EDE exactly with the same computational burden as minimizing the population-weighted average distance. Like the EDE, this objective function allows the user to specify a desired level of inequality aversion. We employ the EDE in two ways: to compare precinct accessibility before and after the Shelby v. Holder decision, a Supreme Court ruling that struck down a key section of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and to optimize precinct locations in a variety of scenarios. We examine a pseudo-city to demonstrate the optimization effects on a smaller scale and then expand to U.S. cities. Computational experiments demonstrate that optimizing over the EDE results in a much more equitable distribution while maintaining a nearly-optimal population-weighted average distance. Public officials should consider placing precincts or voter drop boxes in the locations that correspond to producing the lowest Kolm-Pollak EDE for their jurisdiction.