Enrolled participants who agree to provide a urine sample give their permission for the measurement of their biological markers for nicotine levels, THC and other cannabinoids, and toxicant exposure (e.g., cancer causing ingredients found in cigarettes). 

The three markers indicated are the only ones that will be analyzed. 

No identifying information (name or date of birth) will be included in the urine sample tests or results to protect the identity of the participant. Urine sample results will not be disclosed to any employers, schools, or any other individuals who are not part of the study teams at USC and UCSF. You will NOT be tested for other drugs or substances.

All urine samples will be disposed of immediately after biomarker

data have undergone quality control, are finalized, and reported to you and study team.

 Participants who choose to provide a urine sample will receive an additional $25.

You will receive your individual information on the markers and can discuss the results with the study team. 

A urine sample is voluntary and not mandatory.

We are collecting biomarker information because it is a more accurate way to measure the actual intake of cannabis or nicotine, and their associated chemicals from smoke or vapor.

With limited information to understand American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) biological markers, it is important to have representation because studies of other populations might not apply to AIAN. Your participation will help bridge the information gap for understanding of tobacco and cannabis use impact on health.

Participants who provided a urine sample at the beginning of the study have the option to provide a

second sample to measure the same biomarkers to review potential changes in patterns of their commercial tobacco and cannabis use.