Bibliography & Acknowledgements

We thank our professors, Dr. Mark Auslander and Dr. Nora Lessersohn, for their guidance throughout this project. We also acknowledge the Library of Congress for providing open access to the digitized Abdülhamid II albums, which form the foundation of our research.

• “Abdul Hamid II Collection - about This Collection.” Library of Congress, 1 Jan. 1880, www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/ahii/. Accessed 13 Nov. 2025.

• Çelik, Zeynep, and Edhem Eldem, editors. Camera Ottomana: Photography and Modernity in the Ottoman Empire, 1840–1914. Koç University Press / Distributed by University of Chicago Press, 2015. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/C/bo118683014.html Accessed 5 Dec. 2025

• Nolan, Erin, and Emily Voelker. “Reading across American and Ottoman Archives: Diplomacy and Photography in the Nineteenth Century.” Transatlantic Cultures, 1 Jan. 1970, www.transatlantic-cultures.org/pt/catalog/photographic-album. Accessed 13 Nov. 2025.

• Emanet, Celal. “A Glimpse of ‘Turkey’ from the World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893.” Maydan, 6 Sept. 2017, themaydan.com/2017/09/glimpse- turkey-worlds-columbian-exposition-1893/. Accessed 14 Nov. 2025.

• Nolan, Erin Hyde. “The Gift of the Abdulhamid II Albums: The Consequences of Photographic Circulation.” Trans Asia Photography, University of Michigan, quod.lib.umich.edu/t/tap/7977573.0009.207/--gift-of-the-abdulhamid-ii-albums-the-consequences?rgn=main;view=fulltext. Accessed 15 Nov. 2025.

• Sevinç, Gülsen, and Ayşe Fazlıoğlu. “Turkish Participation to 1893 Chicago Exposition.” Dergipark, 13 Feb. 2000, dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/845997. Accessed 17 Nov. 2025.

• Ümit, Devrim. “The American Protestant Missionary Network in Ottoman Turkey, 1876–1914.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, vol. 4, no. 6(1), April 2014 https://ijhss.thebrpi.org/journals/Vol_4_No_6_1_April_2014/3.pdf Accessed 5 Dec. 2025 

• Hirsch, Soloman, and Henry O Dwight. “Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Transmitted to Congress, With the Annual Message of the President, December 1, 1890.” U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1890/d465. Accessed 17 Nov. 2025.

• William Allen "Analysis of Abdul-Hamid’s Albums", Journal of Turkish Studies, 12 (1988), 33–7.

• Mintz, Sidney W. Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History. Penguin Publishing Group, 1986.

• Ballotpedia. “U.S. Department of State.” Ballotpedia, https://ballotpedia.org/U.S._Department_of_State. Accessed 4 Dec. 2025.

• Randy. “171. Picturesque World’s Fair – The Turkish Village.” Chicago’s 1893 World’s Fair, 20 Jan. 2025, https://worldsfairchicago1893.com/2025/01/20/171-picturesque-worlds-fair-the-turkish-village/amp/. Accessed 7 Dec. 2025.

• “President Woodrow Wilson Addressing Congress.” Pritzker Military Museum & Library, PritzkerMilitary.org, https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/explore/museum/past-exhibits/lest-we-forget-doughboys-sammies-and-sailors-great-war/president-woodrow-wilson-addressing-congress. Accessed 8 Dec. 2025.

• Residents of Constantinople Today (Istanbul, Turkey) Celebrate the Entry.” Alamy, https://www.alamy.com/residents-of-constantinople-today-istanbul-turkey-celebrate-the-entry-image65351585.html. Accessed 9 Dec. 2025.