With keen senses, high intelligence, and the perfect body structure, wolves have evolved into the ultimate predator. They are smart and stealthy enough to sneak up on their prey in packs, fast enough to catch fish in the water, and opportunistic by scavenging whale or seal carcasses that wash up on shore.
Vancouver Coastal Sea Wolves have long, slender legs built for speed and less drag in the water. Their paws have five toes in the front to help with grip and add width so they can be used as paddles and four in their hind legs for power. Their muscular hind legs propel them from a crouch to sprint in just a few strides.
These wolves have large ears with hair tufts in order to trap sound and hear the faintest rustle or splash of their prey. Their large canine teeth ensure grip and inflict immediate, devastating damage to their prey. Their eyes are forward-facing in order to better perceive the distance to their targets.
Wolves' brains are some of the sharpest in the animal kingdom. Their ability to communicate without noise allows them to work as a unit to hunt and corner their prey. Their brains also have allowed them to develop incredible senses of sight, smell, and hearing in order to be extremely efficient hunters.
Vancouver Coastal Sea Wolves have an extremely powerful jaw to ensure prey does not escape, a wiry yet powerful skeletal muscle structure for optimal hunting over all sorts of terrain, and a sense of smell that is 100 times greater than that of a human to smell prey up to a mile away. These are just a few of the characteristics that have allowed them to develop into one of the top predators in North America.
The jaw strength of the Vancouver Coastal Sea Wolf is one of their greatest assets. They have 42 teeth, including canine incisors that reach up to 2.5 inches long, and carry a bite force of 1000 pounds per square inch - about 8 times greater than a human adult. This allows the wolves to crunch through bone to reach the nutrient-rich marrow inside.
Coastal Sea Wolves have long, wiry legs, and lack muscle mass outside of their hind-quarters, which they use for powerful bursts of speed. With less bulk in the chest and underbelly, they also are more agile in and out of the water. The lower muscle mass also allows the wolves to have incredible stamina for longer, sustained hunts.
Like all canids, wolves have an incredibly dynamic and strong sense of smell. Their noses help them not only track their prey, but also to detect scavenging opportunities from up to a mile away. As scents are carried off the water by the wind, they alert the wolves to where otters, seals, schools of fish, or the occasional large aquatic mammals may be.
With a 2 month long gestation and an average litter size of 4-8 pups, Vancouver Coastal Sea Wolves would have plenty of population replacement if it weren't for human interference. Pups don't leave the den for up to 2 months after birth, yet despite one of the most nurturing mothers in the animal kingdom, it only takes them about a year to be fast and strong enough to hunt with the pack.
Like all other wolves, VCSW's mate for life, spending time finding the right mate based off their hierarchy and social status. Wolves will tend to find their mates at just two years old. However, while males can be sexually mature and ready to breed at the same age, female wolves won't breed until they are three or four years old.
VCSW females are typically in heat and mating from January through April. With a gestation period of right around two to two and a half months, the pups will be born in spring when prey is plentiful and the weather is favorable. Litters of 4-6 are typical but some mothers may have up to eight pups in a litter.
When the pups are born, they are blind and deaf and weigh only a pound. It takes about two weeks for the pups to gain sight, grow teeth, and learn to walk. At about a month old, they leave the den with their mother, but will be dependent on her for food until they are fully grown, between 10 and 12 months old.
References:
Gillespie, C. (2019, March 2). Facts About Baby Wolves. Sciencing. Retrieved September 9, 2022, from https://sciencing.com/baby-wolves-5032180.html
Kaminski, J., Waller, B. M., Diogo, R., Hartstone-Ross, A., & Burrows, A. M. (2019, June 17). Evolution of Facial Anatomy in Dogs. PNAS. Retrieved September 9, 2022, from https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1820653116
Physiology. (2015, April 21). Wolf Haven International. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://wolfhaven.org/conservation/wolves/physiology/
Spencer, J. (2022, June 22). Wolf Anatomy - Body Types & Fur. Animal Corner. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://animalcorner.org/wolf-anatomy/
Wikenros, C., Gicquel, M., Zimmermann, B., Flagstad, Ø., & Åkesson, M. (2021, April 7). Age at first reproduction in wolves: different patterns of density dependence for females and males. The Royal Society Publishing. Retrieved September 11, 2022, from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2021.0207
Key Terms: predator, prey, gestation, hierarchy, litter