Phonological awareness and phonemic awareness are foundational skills in early literacy that focus on the ability to recognize and manipulate sounds in spoken language.

Reading To, With, and By framework, focuses on developing foundational literacy skills through structured interactions:

1. Reading To:

   • The adult reads aloud to the child, developing phonology (how sounds form words) and orthography (symbols representing words).

   • Encourages listening, comprehension, and vocabulary development.

2. Reading With:

   • The adult and child read together, sharing responsibility for the text.

   • Builds skills in morphology (word structure), semantics (word meanings), and syntax (sentence structure).

   • Promotes active participation and critical thinking.

3. Reading By:

   • The child reads independently, with the teacher offering support if needed.

   • Develops discourse (communicating ideas) and pragmatics (social communication in context).

   • Fosters independence and confidence.

Phoneme-Grapheme Mapping  is a powerful strategy for improving spelling and reading skills by helping students make connections between the sounds (phonemes) in words and the letters or letter patterns (graphemes) that represent those sounds. 

Growing Vocabulary Knowledge is essential for literacy development, school achievement, and reading comprehension, with children learning words through daily conversations, listening to reading, and extensive independent reading. Effective teaching strategies include using teachable moments to explain new words, engaging in meaningful interactions, and focusing on three vocabulary tiers: basic (i.e. dog) (Tier 1), high-frequency (Tier 2), and subject-specific (Tier 3) words.