Plurals & Units

Plurals

In CLDR, Plurals are used for localized Units and Compact numbers (under Numbers).

In the Survey Tool for translation purpose, plural forms shown per language will differ as only those that are relevant to that language are shown.

For example, in French, the distinction of the One and Other are available. Please see Plural Rules, and file a ticket if you see a form in the Survey Tool that is not expected in your language.

Note: Many of the sets of names form Logical Groups, and you need to make sure they have the same status or you will get error messages. See Logical Groups for more information.

Localized Units

Localized units provide more natural ways of expressing unit phrases that vary in plural form, such as "1 hour" vs "2 hours". While they cannot express all the intricacies of natural languages, the plural forms allow for more natural phrasing than constructions like "1 hour(s)".

As well as being used for durations, like "3.5 hours", they can also be used for relative times, such as:

• "3 hours ago" (regarding an event that took place 3 hours in the past; that is, 3 hours before now).

• "In 3 hours" (regarding an event that will take place 3 hours in the future; that is, 3 hours from now).

Casing of Relative Times

All of these should have the same casing for the first character (capitalized or not) if the pattern has letters coming before the placeholder. For example, in the following, either #1 needs to have a lowercase 'd', or #2 needs to have an uppercase 'H'.

1. Dentro de {0} horas

2. hace {0} años

Each unit may have multiple plural forms, one for each category (see below). These are composed with numbers using a unitPattern. A formatted number will be substituted in place of the number placeholder.

For example, for English if the unit is an hour and the number is 1234, then the number is looked up to get the rule category other. The number is then formatted into "1,234" and composed with the unitPattern for other to get the final result. Examples are in the table below for the unit hour.

Narrow and Short Forms

Unit formats

Whereas an expression like “{0} englische Meile pro Stunde” may be fine for the long form of the unit speed-mile-per-hour, it does not work for the short or narrow forms. In particular, the narrow form needs to be absolutely as short as possible. It is intended for circumstances where there is very little room in the UI. However, the message will have additional context. Thus the user will typically know, for example, that the units are speed or distance. So a much shorter abbreviation can be used than would work in general.

In addition, when English units are used in languages that don't use them, they will typically be accompanied by the equivalent metric amount. For example, a map in Russian might show the distance between cities in the US both in metric units and in English units (since they are used in the US, and may be needed for reference there). Or an ad for computer monitors might have “60,9 cm (24 Zoll) Full-HD Monitor”, with Zoll for inches. The metric unit might not even be present where the English unit is in common use, such as when measuring computer screen sizes.

The short form can be longer than the narrow form, but should also be as short as possible, while still being clear and grammatical. It may have less context available than the narrow form, and thus may need to be somewhat longer than the narrow form in order to be clear.

Some techniques for shortening the narrow or short form include:

• 1. Drop the space between the value and the unit: “{0}km” instead of “{0} km”.

  2. Use symbols like km² or / instead of longer terms like “Quadrat” or “ pro ”.

1. Use symbols that would be understood in context: eg “/h” for “ per hour” when the topic is speed, or "Mi" for mile(s) when the topic is distance.

2. Replace the qualifiers "English" or "American" by an abbreviation (UK, US), or drop if most people would understand that the measurement would be an English unit (and not, say, an obsolete German or French one).

3. Use narrow symbols for CJK languages, such as “/” instead of “／”.

Which of these techniques you can use will depend on your language, of course.

Unit display names

The short and narrow forms of the display names for a unit need not be as short as the symbol used in the actual unit formats. In fact, since the display name may often provide the context necessary to properly understand a unit symbol, the display name will often be longer and more explicit than the short or narrow form of a unit symbol. Often the narrow display name is not specified so that it falls back to the short display name.

Past and Future

Unit patterns for past and future (3 hours ago, In 4 hours) are related to Relative Dates, and occur in the same circumstances. They need to have the same casing behavior. That is, if the translation for "Yesterday" starts with an uppercase 'Y', then the translation for "In {0} hours" needs to start with an uppercase 'I' (if it doesn't start with the placeholder).

Minimal Pairs

Minimal pairs are used to verify the different grammatical features used by a language. These messages are not to be translated literally; do not simply translate the English!

• Plurals (cardinals) and Ordinals. See Determining Plural Categories.

• Grammatical Case and Gender. See Grammatical Inflection

Compound Units

Units of measurement can be formed from other units and other components. For more information, see Compound Units.